When1: 1073
When2: 1083
Who: Gregory VII or Hildebrand
What: pope
Where: Rome, Italy
Detail: He lived 1020 to 1085 and allied with Normans of Italy. His reforms lost support and Henry IV of Germany led opposition. Henry IV took Rome [1083] and set up anti-pope. Robert Guiscard and Normans in Italy rescued Gregory VII but then lost Rome again. As pope, he started reform {Hildebrandine reform}, which ended simony, lay bishop investiture, celibacy-vow violations, and priest marriage. He transferred pope's election to College of Cardinals.
Social Sciences>Religion>History>Christianity>Pope
6-Religion-History-Christianity-Pope
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Date Modified: 2022.0224