He lived ? to 97 and built papacy power and Holy See of Rome.
He lived ? to 352 and increased Holy-See power.
He lived ? to 417 and increased Holy-See power.
He lived ? to 461 and increased Holy-See power.
He lived 540 to 604, encouraged monasticism, established clergy laws, developed Gregorian chant or plain song, and held off Lombards. He refused to recognize Patriarch of Constantinople and so split eastern from western Church.
He lived ? to 655 and built church and papacy power.
He lived 820 to 867 and increased papal authority. Roman aristocrats controlled papacy.
He lived 1020 to 1085 and allied with Normans of Italy. His reforms lost support and Henry IV of Germany led opposition. Henry IV took Rome [1083] and set up anti-pope. Robert Guiscard and Normans in Italy rescued Gregory VII but then lost Rome again. As pope, he started reform {Hildebrandine reform}, which ended simony, lay bishop investiture, celibacy-vow violations, and priest marriage. He transferred pope's election to College of Cardinals.
He lived 1025 to 1100. Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire installed Guibert of Ravenna as pope, after making Pope Gregory VII flee Rome.
He lived 1035 to 1099. As pope, he started First Crusade and continued Pope Gregory VII's church reforms.
He lived 1105 to 1181. As pope, he excommunicated Frederick Barbarossa [1176].
He lived 1161 to 1216. As pope, he tried to make church supreme over all rulers. He first gave Holy Roman Empire to Otto IV, then Philip of Swabia, then Otto IV, and then Frederick II. He struggled with Frederick II for power. He put King John of England under interdict until he submitted and declared Magna Carta invalid. Philip II of France resisted but then followed divorce law.
Innocent III reorganized papal territories and gained Tuscany but did not get north Italy cities.
He encouraged Fourth Crusade and recognized Latin Empire of Constantinople set up by Fourth Crusade, but Osmanli Turks helped Byzantines regain Constantinople.
He authorized Franciscan Order, who had mission to the poor, started by Francis of Assisi.
He lived ? to 1227. As pope, he authorized Dominican order for scholarship and preaching and revised Franciscan order.
He lived 1195 to 1254. As pope, he deposed Frederick II of Holy Roman Empire at synod. He led fourth Lateran Council [1251] on church laws.
He lived 1235 to 1303. As pope, he struggled with Philip IV of France over taxes and interfered in Florence.
He lived 1264 to 1314. As pope, he dissolved Knights Templar and formulated canon law. Philip IV of France controlled him.
Philip IV of France blocked Pope Boniface VIII and moved papacy to Avignon.
He lived 1397 to 1455. As pope, with Frederick III of Holy Roman Empire, he ended Great Schism by Concordat of Vienna, which undid Council-of-Basel acts. He rebuilt St. Peter's Cathedral. Nicholas of Cusa tried to reform German Church.
He lived 1405 to 1464. As pope, he struggled with Louis XI of France and tried to unite Europe against Ottoman Empire.
He lived 1414 to 1484. As pope, he struggled with Louis XI of France, fought Lorenzo de' Medici in Pazzi Conspiracy, and founded Sistine Chapel.
He lived 1431 to 1503. As pope, he was Lucrezia Borgia's and Cesare Borgia's father and was an art patron.
He lived 1443 to 1513. As pope, he restored papal rule of Papal States and fought Italian Wars. He called fifth Lateran Council, which condemned the idea {Gallicanism} that French king was supreme over church in France. He patronized art.
He lived 1475 to 1521 and was pope [1513 to 1521].
He lived 1475 to 1534 and was Medici. As pope, he first opposed but then crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Empire emperor. He opposed Henry VIII's divorce.
He lived 1468 to 1549. As pope, he founded modern Inquisition and censorship and began Catholic reform.
He lived 1476 to 1559. As pope, he altered papacy.
He lived 1504 to 1572. As pope, he united Spain and Venice against Ottoman Empire. He implemented Third-Council-of-Trent reforms.
He lived 1502 to 1585. As pope, he began Gregorian calendar, established new canon law, and led Fourth Council of Trent. Fourth Council of Trent established modern Catholic Church foundation. He did not deal with German Protestants.
He lived 1521 to 1590. As pope, he improved Papal-States administration and beautified Rome.
He lived 1568 to 1644 and was of Barberini family.
He lived 1876 to 1958. As pope, he opposed Communism in Italy.
He lived 1881 to 1963. As pope, he modernized Catholic Church. Church became more ecumenical at second Vatican Council.
He lived 1897 to 1978.
He lived 1920 to 2005.
6-Religion-History-Christianity
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Date Modified: 2022.0225