People can have anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise {emotion}|. Derived emotions are affection, annoyance, anxiety, awe, despair, ecstasy, embarrassment, forgiveness, guilt, hate, hope, humility, jealousy, joy, love, mercy, pride, rapture, regret, remorse, repentance, revenge, reverence, rue, shame, satisfaction, and sulkiness. Social animals can have shame and submissiveness.
types
The fundamental genetic emotions are anger, fear, surprise, disgust, sadness, contempt, and happiness [Damasio, 1999] [Dolan, 2002] [LeDoux, 1996] [Damasio, 1994] [Damasio, 2000] [Damasio, 2003].
Emotions are affection/eros/love, anger/hate, anxiety/fear, disgust, happiness, hunger, joy/elation, sadness, sexual desire, shame/guilt, surprise, and thirst. Higher emotions combine lower emotions: affection, anxiety, awe, contentment, despair, disgust, embarrassment, excuse, forgiveness, guilt, hope, humility, icy calm, ironic detachment, jealousy, mercy, pride, rapture, regret, remorse, repentance, revenge, rue, satisfaction, and shame.
Mental states compound emotions: ambition, belief, curiosity, humor, hypnosis, idea, imagination, insight, recognition, recall, stupor, and will.
cognition
Emotions are cognitive and can involve judgments. People can have a wide range of emotional responses to the same situation. People can hide emotions.
requirements
Emotion does not require sensation, does not require perception, and does not require awareness. People do not necessarily know the emotion they actually have.
properties
Human emotions are compound and complex sensations, have qualitative feel, and have facial muscle movements.
properties: intensity
Emotions stimulated by body or spontaneous emotions caused by signals from cerebral cortex have same intensity.
properties: timing
Emotions can be current, dispositional, or long-term.
properties: will
Emotions can be voluntary.
causes
Rewards and punishments cause emotions.
causes: visceral changes
Visceral changes do not account for emotions. Emotional behavior happens even with cut viscera-to-central-nervous-system nerves. Emotional behavior does not always happen when viscera respond to stimulation. Different emotions cause similar visceral changes. People cannot localize or differentiate changes to viscera. Emotional experience is relatively fast, but visceral autonomic nervous system responses are relatively slow.
effects
Emotions can cause fast autonomic responses, motivate action, make intimate bonds between individuals, affect memorization, and affect recall.
factors: behavior
Behavior types affect emotions.
factors: context
Context affects emotions.
factors: expectation
Emotions can relate to expectations. People can imagine emotion that they will feel in future situation, such as embarrassment, regret, or fear. People can become aroused and attentive just before situation. People can be happy that they anticipated situation correctly or unhappy that they anticipated situation incorrectly. People can react quickly to situation. People can react after deliberation about past situation.
People form impressions of each other by applying previously established expectancies.
factors: facial expression
In all cultures, the same facial expressions accompany the same major emotions. Facial expressions for different emotions are often similar.
Facial expressions used in emotions arose from other functions. For example, muscles surrounding eyes contract to protect eyes from increased blood pressure or from assailant's blow.
Repeated emotions, moods, and behaviors repeat facial muscle contractions and modify face bulges, lines, and wrinkles. People can determine emotions, moods, and character from facial expressions and features [Darwin, 1872].
factors: gender
Emotions have equal frequencies in men and women.
factors: color
Color can express emotions such as happiness, worry, sadness, fright, and anger. The same colors express same emotions over human history and among different cultures.
biology
Amygdala and/or hypothalamus stimulation can trigger emotions. Emotions do not require body stimulation or cerebral-cortex signals.
biology: animals
All mammals have emotions.
biology: baby
Babies show joy, anger, annoyance, and sulkiness, but brain regions for emotion have little activity.
comparison: drives
Emotions do not include hunger, thirst, or sexual desire, because they are biological drives.
comparison: feeling
People can have emotion without feeling.
Social Sciences>Psychology>Cognition>Emotion
6-Psychology-Cognition-Emotion
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Date Modified: 2022.0224