People can have anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise {emotion}|. Derived emotions are affection, annoyance, anxiety, awe, despair, ecstasy, embarrassment, forgiveness, guilt, hate, hope, humility, jealousy, joy, love, mercy, pride, rapture, regret, remorse, repentance, revenge, reverence, rue, shame, satisfaction, and sulkiness. Social animals can have shame and submissiveness.
types
The fundamental genetic emotions are anger, fear, surprise, disgust, sadness, contempt, and happiness [Damasio, 1999] [Dolan, 2002] [LeDoux, 1996] [Damasio, 1994] [Damasio, 2000] [Damasio, 2003].
Emotions are affection/eros/love, anger/hate, anxiety/fear, disgust, happiness, hunger, joy/elation, sadness, sexual desire, shame/guilt, surprise, and thirst. Higher emotions combine lower emotions: affection, anxiety, awe, contentment, despair, disgust, embarrassment, excuse, forgiveness, guilt, hope, humility, icy calm, ironic detachment, jealousy, mercy, pride, rapture, regret, remorse, repentance, revenge, rue, satisfaction, and shame.
Mental states compound emotions: ambition, belief, curiosity, humor, hypnosis, idea, imagination, insight, recognition, recall, stupor, and will.
cognition
Emotions are cognitive and can involve judgments. People can have a wide range of emotional responses to the same situation. People can hide emotions.
requirements
Emotion does not require sensation, does not require perception, and does not require awareness. People do not necessarily know the emotion they actually have.
properties
Human emotions are compound and complex sensations, have qualitative feel, and have facial muscle movements.
properties: intensity
Emotions stimulated by body or spontaneous emotions caused by signals from cerebral cortex have same intensity.
properties: timing
Emotions can be current, dispositional, or long-term.
properties: will
Emotions can be voluntary.
causes
Rewards and punishments cause emotions.
causes: visceral changes
Visceral changes do not account for emotions. Emotional behavior happens even with cut viscera-to-central-nervous-system nerves. Emotional behavior does not always happen when viscera respond to stimulation. Different emotions cause similar visceral changes. People cannot localize or differentiate changes to viscera. Emotional experience is relatively fast, but visceral autonomic nervous system responses are relatively slow.
effects
Emotions can cause fast autonomic responses, motivate action, make intimate bonds between individuals, affect memorization, and affect recall.
factors: behavior
Behavior types affect emotions.
factors: context
Context affects emotions.
factors: expectation
Emotions can relate to expectations. People can imagine emotion that they will feel in future situation, such as embarrassment, regret, or fear. People can become aroused and attentive just before situation. People can be happy that they anticipated situation correctly or unhappy that they anticipated situation incorrectly. People can react quickly to situation. People can react after deliberation about past situation.
People form impressions of each other by applying previously established expectancies.
factors: facial expression
In all cultures, the same facial expressions accompany the same major emotions. Facial expressions for different emotions are often similar.
Facial expressions used in emotions arose from other functions. For example, muscles surrounding eyes contract to protect eyes from increased blood pressure or from assailant's blow.
Repeated emotions, moods, and behaviors repeat facial muscle contractions and modify face bulges, lines, and wrinkles. People can determine emotions, moods, and character from facial expressions and features [Darwin, 1872].
factors: gender
Emotions have equal frequencies in men and women.
factors: color
Color can express emotions such as happiness, worry, sadness, fright, and anger. The same colors express same emotions over human history and among different cultures.
biology
Amygdala and/or hypothalamus stimulation can trigger emotions. Emotions do not require body stimulation or cerebral-cortex signals.
biology: animals
All mammals have emotions.
biology: baby
Babies show joy, anger, annoyance, and sulkiness, but brain regions for emotion have little activity.
comparison: drives
Emotions do not include hunger, thirst, or sexual desire, because they are biological drives.
comparison: feeling
People can have emotion without feeling.
Feeling emotion {affect, emotion} can lead to action.
Chronic fear or apprehension {anxiety}, without stimulus, can cause physiological discomfort.
guilt
People have feelings that they were, are, or will be at fault. Guilt is anxiety.
shame
People feel shame when they believe that others know their guilt.
types
Anxiety can be transitory {state anxiety} or long lasting {trait anxiety}.
causes
Traumatic, dangerous, unexpected, or embarrassing thoughts, events, or impulses, especially if they associate with pain or punishment, trigger anxiety. Worry or fear of something in the future can cause mental distress. Pain, severe punishment, frequent mood changes, guilty feelings, and inability to adapt can cause anxiety.
Anxiety can result from stimulus-punishment pair, such as sexual stimuli and aggression.
When mothers bear siblings, or people receive continual reproval, anticipating losing parent affection and nurturance can cause anxiety.
Unexpected people and events in familiar situations can cause anxiety.
Guilty feelings can be because one's thoughts and actions differ from high standards set by self or others.
effects
Anxious people can have rapid pulse, strong heartbeat, perspiration, trembling, throat and mouth dryness, and empty feelings in stomach.
effects: avoidance
Anxiety is an avoidance goal or drive, and danger signal arouses it. Behavior that reduces anxiety has reinforcement, so one response is to avoid signal.
factors: age
Anxiety can begin at age two or three.
factors: learning
People can learn anxiety arousal.
Contrasting emotion preceding emotion makes second emotion stronger {contrastive valence}.
Dying {death, psychology} adds fear, tension, and other emotions to life. Death makes one think of legacy. Death can be an escape. Death establishes deadline for activity.
feelings: dying
Dying people hope doctors or god will save them. They want to live. They want to know all about their case. They often talk about their philosophy.
People can face death by denial. People can face death by mastery behavior.
feelings: fear
People can fear death by imagining it or by fearing loss.
feelings: after death
After death, family is either angry or in despair. Mourners can be angry with dead person for leaving them. They can punish themselves, because they wished for person's death or feel that they caused death. They can want to elicit pity. They can need to talk, to free their emotions.
feelings: mission
People can give dying person mission.
feelings: problems
Financial problems, feelings of being a burden, loneliness, fear of pain, fear of dying, and fear for ability of loved ones to be able to adapt, all make dying harder.
feelings: reaction stages
If family member will soon die, family members go through same stages that typically happen during all life's changes: shock, denial, search for meaning, comfort, and hope.
The first stage in facing one's death is shock. Then comes denial and isolation. Partial acceptance follows. Anger can try to force another person to treat dying person as still a human being. People can project anger randomly. Bargaining is a brief attempt to offer good behavior to God to get favor. Bargaining can relate to guilt. Loss of body control, job, wealth, or ability to care for children can cause depression. Depression causes shortened sleep. Instead of depression, people can prepare for death, express and share sorrow, have long sleeping periods, and be silent. Then acceptance has tiredness, weakness, need for sleep, no feelings, no interests, desire to be left alone, and no talking.
factors: children's feelings
For ages up to three years old, death is like separation or like body mutilation. From three to five years old, death is like temporarily going away. From five to nine years old, death is person coming to take them away. After nine years old, death is biological death.
factors: custom
Customs can allow dying people to accept death. Customs can help people to share guilt or spread guilt over time.
factors: society
Death is more isolated, avoided, or ignored now than before. People have more fear of death, which relates to society violence level. Fewer people believe in life after death now. Suffering has no meaning now, so there is no reason to die or suffer.
Personality dimension is emotional reactivity {emotionality}, which varies from low to high.
All mammals have emotion cognitions {feelings}|.
People's general feeling about newly met people {impression}| depends on cold or warm personality or other basic trait. People recognize people quickly, using minimum evidence.
Non-specific mental feelings {mood, emotion}| include contentment, depression, mania, happiness, and calm. People can have tense-energy for flight-or-fight response, tense-tiredness for frustration or depression, calm-energy for euphoria, or calm tiredness for satisfaction [Thayer].
requirements
Mood does not require sensation or perception.
biology: animals
All mammals have moods.
biology: chemicals
Corticosteroid, adrenalin, and glucose concentrations in blood cause mood. High corticosteroid makes more tension. High adrenalin and glucose make more energy.
People can experience threats {threat} of bodily harm and react to that experience with heightened awareness and aggression. War and crime use threats.
properties: threshold
The consciousness threshold for threatening words or pictures can be significantly higher or lower than that for neutral ones.
causes: dominance hierarchy
Dominance hierarchy causes hostility to strangers, maintains peace in society, decreases new behaviors, and causes threats from younger males toward older males.
effects: aggression
Threat can cause aggression. Frustrations and threats can cause wishes for harm or actual harm to others.
effects: response
In response to threat, people can fight or flee.
biology: escape
Voluntary escape behaviors use small efferent fibers in spinal cord with long latencies and variable responses, which react to visual, tactile, and vibratory threats.
biology: sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system nerves contribute to threat and aggression behaviors.
factors: games
Games involve threats to plans and goals [Chernoff and Moses, 1959].
factors: negotiations
Negotiations often involve coercive threats.
factors: posture
Threat postures can elaborate into symbols.
factors: schizophrenia
Schizophrenics can hear voices threatening to kill them.
factors: symbol
Raised fist or skull and dagger is for threat.
theories: dreaming
Perhaps, dreams are rehearsals or practice against threats {threat simulation theory, dreaming}.
Emotions can be body changes {bodily upset theory}.
Emotions can cause cognitions {emotivism, cognition}.
Emotions can be sensations {feeling theory}.
Innate behaviors triggered by another individual, or several individuals in preference order, lead to affection bonds {attachment behavior} {bonding}|.
biology
The young of all mammals have attachment. In humans, attachment behavior develops during the first nine months and can happen until end of third year. Children typically have special relation to adult, which is an innate response to stimulation by adult. Different emotions accompany attachment beginning, maintenance, disruption, and renewal.
Children develop schema for adult face at 3 to 4 months old. Later, face and feelings generalize to other people, who can then receive affection.
properties
Attachment causes pleasant feelings.
properties: care
Behavior goal is to receive care from others. Care-giving behavior from one person terminates attachment behavior in other person.
properties: location
If children know attached-person location, children do not show attachment behavior and explore environment instead.
properties: time
Attachments last many years.
causes
Connections between individuals develop because people reduce basic drives by such connections. Strangeness, hunger, fatigue, and anything frightening can activate attachment process.
purposes
Attachment protects young from predators and allows safe environment exploration.
factors
Learning to distinguish familiar from strange is main factor in attachment development. Conversation, rewards, and punishments have small importance.
factors: contact
Attachment behavior typically is between child and parent interacting in close physical contact, in supportive and comforting environment.
Continuing behavior despite fear requires courage {courage}|. Courage can be recklessness or stubbornness if activity has little value. People can learn to control subjective fear or achieve a fearlessness state. Preparing people to do dangerous jobs requires practice in actual tasks.
Apprehension {fear}| has associated physiological changes and/or behavior to avoid or escape specific and real danger in outside world.
biology
Fears can be innate.
causes
Traumatic stimulation, repeated subtraumatic situations {sensitization, fear}, direct or indirect fear-behavior observation, and fear-provoking information can cause fear. Fear ends after removing or avoiding stimulus.
therapy
Therapy can reduce fear directly, as in behavior therapy. Therapy can reduce fear by modifying causes, as in psychoanalysis. Therapy can reduce fear by desensitizing, flooding, or modeling.
After death, divorce, or crime, people experience feelings of loss {grief}|.
causes
Separation causes search for loved person or object. Grief is search frustration. Grief is over lost thing itself, not about symbolic significance.
factors: guilt
Grief does not associate with guilt.
stages
People go through stages when recovering from loss, death, or divorce. Stages are denial of loss, anger at God or other people, despair at low hope or bad life, and acceptance of fate and of consequences.
expression
People that do not express feelings can suffer delayed or distorted grief. Religious ceremonies about death allow expressions of sorrow, in all cultures.
Happiness {happiness}| strongly correlates with income and wealth.
causes
People can attain happiness in three ways.
One is to help other people. This gives satisfaction that world is becoming better. It also provides warm human contact. It makes the helper feel good.
Another is to do something creative. This can involve arts, such as music, painting, sculpture, and writing, but it can also be making new software, products, and inventions. Creative work keeps mind and hands busy at productive and constructive tasks. It also allows one new imagination and delight. It can also provide insights into nature and people.
The third is to love and have love. This means deep mutually shared love based on strong emotion and cognition. However, everyone knows it is also exciting and fun to meet someone new, have crescendo of sexual and warm feelings, and fall in love.
needs
Perhaps, these factors also meet human needs. Humans need another's touch, in hugs and embraces. They need to have freedom and telling stories, to experience the creative. They need to have meaning in their lives, which translates into how they deal with other people.
Something disgusting and negative, such as mutilated bodies, can cause a feeling {horror, emotion}|.
Fun {joy}| can depend on exploration and self-stimulation.
Sexual attraction, flirtation, and companionship {love}| are common love types in all societies. Obsession, self-sacrifice, and convenience are rare in all societies.
love
Strong sexual and aesthetic attraction involves one person, high intimacy, feeling of merging, need to know all about other person, and need to serve. Love is sexual attraction, affection, friendship, and desire for beauty in another, sometimes with power and control.
flirting
Flirtation or play involves several people, low dependence, low strength, and no attachment.
friendship
Friendship or companionship involves stable relationship, low passion, and emphasis on home and children.
obsession
Obsession involves jealousy, possessiveness, despair, and ecstasy.
devotion
Self-sacrificing devotion involves patience, low jealousy, love, caring, and no need for return of love.
compatibility
Compatibility and convenience involve rules based on mutual interests and needs.
People can have uncontrollable fear {panic}| in response to repetitive or imminent danger.
People often feel rushed, harassed, or overwhelmed by demands {stress, emotion}|. Environment often blocks people's will.
causes
Noise, smell, monotonous work, excessive information flow, or interpersonal conflict can cause stress.
effects: illness
Stress can cause myocardial infarction, high blood pressure, gastro-intestinal disorders, asthma, and migraine.
effects: escape
Stress can cause escape from situation.
effects: aggression
Stress can cause aggression.
effects: apathy
Stress can cause state with little emotion, listlessness, preoccupation with self, and detachment from environment.
effects: regression
Stress can cause regression to earlier life stages.
effects: fixation
Stress can initiate old, stereotyped response to new stimulus, such as obsessive or compulsive actions.
effects: withdrawal
Stress can lower one's aspirations, cause escape to fantasy, or result in not thinking about or acting on situations.
effects: projection
Stress can cause illogical action, attributed to another's orders.
effects: denial
Stress can cause denial of, or minimization of, stress.
effects: suppression
Stress can cause people to forget the problem, to try to be calm, or to reassure themselves.
effects: biology
In response to stress, sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline, and pituitary and adrenal glands secrete cortisol.
factors
Stress increases with fear, dependency, and weakness.
factors: age
People learn some stress responses as early as infancy.
factors: arousal
Both low and excess stimulation affect arousal.
People can have thwarted desires, intentions, hopes, plans, and projects {suffering, emotion}|. There are degrees of suffering. Mind is necessary to have suffering, because suffering depends on expectations and desires. Ability to reason and ability to suffer differ but relate. Animals that are smart enough to suffer include horse, dog, apes, elephants, and dolphins, because they can do something about conditions that make them suffer.
People can have specific fear that evil events or actions are going to happen {terror}|. Terror relates to trembling.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225