Education can teach writing {writing}.
properties
Written-work properties are subject, intention, audience, form, and style.
properties: character
Written works have characters, including hero, protagonist, antagonist, sidekick, narrator, and supporting characters.
properties: conflict
Written works have conflict, such as person vs. God, person vs. nature, person vs. others, or person vs. self.
properties: emphasis
Emphasis uses repetition or placement at sentence end or first word. Passive voice shows agent is not important. Repetition repeats important words, restates same idea in several ways, uses same subject in several sentences, or repeats sentence patterns.
properties: parts
Written works have title, author, publisher, location, date, and page number.
properties: purpose
Writing has purpose and intention, such as problem solving, persuading, communicating knowledge, creating emotion, describing, illustrating, reminiscing, reporting, directing to do something, explaining, criticizing, reflecting, giving opinion, or amusing.
properties: register
Writing involves different relationships between speaker/writer and hearer/reader {register, writing}, such as friendly, formal, familiar, polite, threatening, subservient, or authoritative.
properties: relations
Events and objects can associate by parts and/or functions; patterns; causes and effects; or purposes, moral issues, and rules. Binary relations for contact are attached/unattached, linked/not linked, touching/separate, and adjacent/non-adjacent. Binary relations for space are cover/covered, on/underneath, in/out, inside/outside, over/under, beside/beside, right/left, front/back, top/bottom, above/below, side/side, around or surrounding/in, and surround/surrounded. Binary relations for time are simultaneous/different, before/after, slightly before/slightly after, and long/short. Relations include compass points, celestial-sphere points, coordinates, and time amount.
properties: symbolism
Written works have symbolism, such as sexual symbols or power symbols.
properties: tone
Writing has attitude {tone, writing}, such as irony, satire, affection, reverence, amusement, coldness, enthusiasm, cynicism, reserve, passion, or detachment. Attitude can be toward subject or other characters.
properties: voice
Writing has unique author and viewpoint {voice, viewpoint}, such as active person, sensitive intelligent person, or bossy stressed person, which readers infer from diction, tone, and register.
form
Writing has form and organization. Rough plans have thesis, hows, whys, examples, and details, in logical order, in topic outline or sentence outline.
Main-sentence thesis statement is about main idea. There are other ideas. Ideas have details.
form: organization
Order is by chronological, spatial, order-of-importance, comparison-and-contrast, cause-and-effect, or part-by-part ordering.
Induction goes from specific to general. Deduction uses syllogism or other logic.
Order can go from least important to most important. Chronology can go forward or backward. Spatial relations can be above/below, front/back, right/left, diagonal, and so on.
Function, behavior, thing, or idea comparison can be in two blocks or can alternate. Function, behavior, thing, or idea contrast can be in two blocks or can alternate.
Process or procedure uses steps over time, cause and effect, or importance order.
Classification into smaller or larger classes can be by parts, functions, activities, or theory.
Cause and effect can use immediate causes, remote causes, sufficient causes, necessary causes, contributory causes, causes present or not, cause usually the same or not, frequent causes, or effect types.
Definition can be by class belonged to, similar classes, or classes contained in, plus distinguishing characteristics.
Example or illustration gives detail.
Narration tells story.
Extended analogy shows similarities.
Description or observation can distinguish characteristics, features, behaviors, and contexts.
Problem solving uses steps.
form: types
Prose writing types include exposition, description, argument, narration, summary, and fiction.
Forms are abstract, acceptance speech, accident report, address jury, adventure writing, advertisement, advice, afterword, agenda, allegory, analysis essay, annals, annotation, annual report, apology, appeal, application, and autobiography. Forms are ballad, bibliography, billboard, biography, birth announcement, blank verse, book review, briefing, brochure, bulletin board, business letter, business proposal, and bylaws. Forms are campaign speech, caption, cartoon, cause-and-effect essay, chant, character sketch, charter, cheer, children's story, cinquain, classification essay, classified advertisement, comeback speech, comedy, comic strip, community calendar, comparison-contrast essay, complaint, concrete poem, constitution, constructive speech, consumer report, contract, court decision, credo, critical analysis, critical essay, and curriculum. Forms are daydream, debate, definition, definition essay, detective story, dialogue, diary, diatribe, dictionary entry, directions, docudrama, dramatic narrative, dream analysis, and dream report. Forms are editorial, elegy, encyclopedia article, epic, epic poem, epigram, epilogue, epistolary fiction, epitaph, essay, eulogy, experiment, explication, and exposé. Forms are fable, fabliau, family history, fantasy, filmstrip, flyer, foreword, formal essay, fortune cookie, found poem, and free verse. Forms are Gothic tale, graduation speech, grant application, and greeting card. Forms are haiku, headline, history, horoscope, how-to essay, and human-interest story. Forms are essays, instructions, insults, interview questions, introductions, invitations, and itineraries. Forms are jingle, joke, and journal entry. Forms are keynote address. Forms are lament, law, learning log, letter to editor, libretto, limerick, love letter, and lyric poem. Forms are magazine article, manifesto, manual, memoir, memorandum, memorial plaque, menu, minutes, monologue, monument inscription, movie review, mystery, and myth. Forms are narrative poem, nature guide, news story, nomination speech, nonsense rhyme, novel, novella, and nursery rhyme. Forms are obituary, ode, one-act play, oracle, and ottava rima. Forms are packaging copy, parable, paragraph, paraphrase, parody, party platform, pastoral, personal essay, personal letter, persuasive essay, petition, play, police report, political advertisement, prediction, preface, press release, process essay, proclamation, profile, prologue, proposal, prose poem, protocol, and public service announcement. Forms are quatrain. Forms are radio play, radio spot, rap, reader's theater, rebuttal, recipe, recommendation, referendum question, research report, resignation, restaurant review, resume, riddle, roast, and romance. Forms are sales letter, schedule, science fiction, science writing, screenplay, sermon, short story, sign, situation comedy, slide show, slogan, song lyric, sonnet, specification, speech, spell, sports story, statute, storyboard, stream-of-consciousness, summary, summation, survey, and sutra. Forms are tall tale, tanka, technical writing, terza rima, test, thank-you note, theater review, toast, tour guide story, tragedy, translation, treaty, and TV advertisement. Forms are villanelle and vows. Forms are want ad, wanted poster, warrant, and wish list.
grading
Numerical grading system can be digital, based on accumulated positive and negative points. Minus is for misspelling, bad grammar, bad punctuation, redundancy, ambiguity, no transition, incorrect transition, extraneous phrase or sentence, faulty logic, over-generalization, copying, unattributed quote, plagiarism, no opening paragraph theme or purpose, and unorganized paragraph. Teacher can use check mark for good idea, example, analogy, definition, explanation, logical deduction, comparison, contrast, or process. Extra checks are for exceptional ideas or phrasing. Attempted things that did not work out receive no mark. Score can be sum of minus and check marks, or number of independent clauses divided into sum of minus and check marks.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224