Foremost ventral brainstem {hypothalamus, brain}| connects to limbic system within temporal lobe.
input
Hypothalamus receives excitation and inhibition from non-sense and non-motor cortex that organizes emotions and behavior.
output
Hypothalamus has dopaminergic nuclei, cholinergic nuclei, and histaminergic nuclei that project in net over whole brain.
Hypothalamus makes orexin, which goes to lateral-hypothalamus receptors.
hormones
Hypothalamus parvocellular neurons respond to adrenal glucocorticoid hormones to decrease corticotrophin-releasing-factor production.
Hypothalamus sends to gland regulators to control hormone production and sends to sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei include arcuate, dorsomedial, mamillary, paraventricular, optic chiasm, preoptic, posterior, suprachiasmic, supraoptic, tuber cinereum, and ventromedial nuclei. Sensory hypothalamus has mamillary bodies. Ergotropic centers are in hypothalamus posterior. Trophotropic centers are in hypothalamus rostral part, septum, and preoptic region.
functions
Hypothalamus is for aggression, submission, fighting, flight, rage, attention, aversion, and fear.
It is for sex behavior and sex inhibition, using sex hormone receptors. It organizes copulation in front hypothalamus and septal area.
It is for appetite, eating, digestion, micturition, and defecation. It organizes body metabolism, heat production, body temperature, and circulation.
Hypothalamus is for repose, sleep, and wakefulness. Sensory hypothalamus carries wakefulness impulses from reticular formation to thalamus.
Hypothalamus does not initiate behavior.
evolution
At first-ventricle bottom, chordates had secretory cells that evolved to make hypothalamus.
Biological Sciences>Zoology>Organ>Nerve>Brain>Cerebrum>Diencephalon>Hypothalamus
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Date Modified: 2022.0224