Foremost ventral brainstem {hypothalamus, brain}| connects to limbic system within temporal lobe.
input
Hypothalamus receives excitation and inhibition from non-sense and non-motor cortex that organizes emotions and behavior.
output
Hypothalamus has dopaminergic nuclei, cholinergic nuclei, and histaminergic nuclei that project in net over whole brain.
Hypothalamus makes orexin, which goes to lateral-hypothalamus receptors.
hormones
Hypothalamus parvocellular neurons respond to adrenal glucocorticoid hormones to decrease corticotrophin-releasing-factor production.
Hypothalamus sends to gland regulators to control hormone production and sends to sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei include arcuate, dorsomedial, mamillary, paraventricular, optic chiasm, preoptic, posterior, suprachiasmic, supraoptic, tuber cinereum, and ventromedial nuclei. Sensory hypothalamus has mamillary bodies. Ergotropic centers are in hypothalamus posterior. Trophotropic centers are in hypothalamus rostral part, septum, and preoptic region.
functions
Hypothalamus is for aggression, submission, fighting, flight, rage, attention, aversion, and fear.
It is for sex behavior and sex inhibition, using sex hormone receptors. It organizes copulation in front hypothalamus and septal area.
It is for appetite, eating, digestion, micturition, and defecation. It organizes body metabolism, heat production, body temperature, and circulation.
Hypothalamus is for repose, sleep, and wakefulness. Sensory hypothalamus carries wakefulness impulses from reticular formation to thalamus.
Hypothalamus does not initiate behavior.
evolution
At first-ventricle bottom, chordates had secretory cells that evolved to make hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus regions {arcuate nucleus} can have main proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and send to limbic system and brainstem. POMC is precursor of MSH.
processing
Arcuate nucleus has region for appetite and region for satiation. Ghrelin gut peptide stimulates appetite region. PYY gut peptide inhibits appetite region. Leptin hormone stimulates satiation region and inhibits appetite region. Insulin hormone stimulates satiation region and inhibits appetite region. Satiety region sends alpha-MSH to MC4 second-satiation-region receptors. Appetite region sends AgRP to second satiety region, neuropeptide Y (NPY) to second appetite region, and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) peptide.
hypothalamus region {dentate gyrus}.
Hypothalamic ganglia {dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus} can be for ejaculation.
Hypothalamic nuclei {lateral hypothalamic nucleus} can be for hunger.
Hypothalamus nuclei {mamillary bodies} can be for long-term memory.
Hypothalamus regions {motor hypothalamus} can be main below-cortex limbic-system part, control reflex pupil dilation, and integrate autonomic nervous system, together with old cortex. Fore part is for parasympathetic nerves. Back part is for sympathetic nerves. It has richest blood supply, reciprocally connects blood vessels to pituitary gland, and regulates pituitary-hormone secretions.
functions
It affects homeostasis, regulates body temperature, regulates water metabolism and excretion, and regulates food intake. It makes overall sexual behavior pattern and has pleasure center related to sex behavior.
Hypothalamic nucleus {paraventricular nucleus} receives from amygdala and sends to posterior pituitary.
Tuberal region has nucleus {posterior hypothalamic nucleus}, beside arcuate nucleus, that connects with lateral mamillary nucleus.
Hypothalamic nuclei {preoptic nucleus} can have trophotropic centers. Medial preoptic area is about maternal behavior.
Light on retina signals optic-nerve retinohypothalamic tract, which signals hypothalamus nuclei {suprachiasmic nucleus} {suprachiasmatic nucleus} (SCN), which causes daytime pineal-gland melatonin-production reduction by inhibiting paraventricular nuclei.
Hypothalamic nuclei {supraoptic nuclei} can project to posterior pituitary.
hypothalamic nucleus {tuber cinereum}.
Hypothalamic nuclei {ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus} can be for satiation.
4-Zoology-Organ-Nerve-Brain-Cerebrum-Diencephalon
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225