Downdraft, headwind, or tailwind change {air pocket} can make airplanes go downward.
weight divided by wing area {wing load}.
distance from wing tip to wing tip {wingspan}.
rotating around motion direction {barrel roll}.
Half roll at top of loop {Immelmann turn} can reverse direction and go higher.
climbing and turning then falling while turn continues {wing over}, until flying in opposite direction.
structural frame {airframe}.
Airplanes have parts {wing, airplane}| for lift.
shape
Airplane-wing shape optimizes upward pressure {lift, wing}, flows through air at upward angle {angle of attack} {attack angle}, puts strength where it needs to be strongest, and minimizes chance of sudden lift changes if attack angle changes.
tilt
Wing tilts up so air hits underneath wing to push wing up.
curves
Wing bottom is flat or only slightly curved, but top is highly arched {airfoil}. Wing cross-section is round in front and has point at back for streamlining. This shape causes air to travel farther over top and shorter over bottom. Air must move faster over top and slower underneath, so both meet at rear at same time. Slower air has more sideways pressure, because it has less forward pressure, and faster air has less sideways pressure, because it has more forward pressure, by Bernoulli's theorem. Net sideways pressure pushes wing upward. However, this effect is small compared to upward push from attack angle.
parts
Wing back-edge sections {flap, wing} can slide out or retract to make wing longer or shorter, to allow airplane to stay up with less speed. Wing back-edge movable pieces {aileron} can tilt up or down to force wing down or up, to change wing angle for landing and taking off.
thrust
Forward force {thrust, force}, from jet engine or propeller, can push winged objects through fluids.
Airplane bodies {fuselage} hold wings {airplane}|. Tail vertical piece {rudder, airplane} can move right or left to move plane left or right. Tail wing has small ailerons {elevator, wing} {wing elevator} to help tail go up or down.
two wings {biplane}.
large balloon filled with helium or hydrogen {blimp}.
large balloon filled with helium or hydrogen {dirigible}.
airplane with no motor {glider}.
Helicopter rotor blades have airfoil cross-section and are wings {helicopter}|. Helicopters move forward by tilting helicopter front down, to push air backward. The smaller propeller on helicopter tail prevents helicopter from rotor-angular-momentum spinning.
airplane with sail {sailplane}.
A large balloon can have a structural skeleton filled with hydrogen compartments {zeppelin}.
7-Machine-Transportation-Vehicle
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Date Modified: 2022.0225