Wheels can turn continuous ridged tread {alligator tread}.
ditch digger {backhoe}.
front concave blade {bulldozer}.
Machines {dredge} can remove mud and silt from lake, river, or harbor bottom.
Two prongs {forklift} can raise and lower pallets.
angled concave blade in front {grader}.
bus {omnibus}.
Vehicles {remotely operated vehicle}| (ROV) can have remote operation.
Vehicles {steamroller}| can have a heavy metal roller to compact and smooth surfaces.
Amphibious vehicles {swamp buggy} can have four-wheel drive and raised bodies.
truck or rocket trailer {transport vehicle}.
Two shafts or poles {travois} can have a platform or net.
one wheel {unicycle}.
Bicycles {velocipede} can have pedals on front wheels.
Machines {combine}| can combine harvester and thresher.
farm tractor {cultivator}.
Vehicles {reaper}| can cut grain stalks and bundle them.
Machines {thresher}| can shake grain stalks to remove husks and straw and retain seeds or kernels.
Downdraft, headwind, or tailwind change {air pocket} can make airplanes go downward.
weight divided by wing area {wing load}.
distance from wing tip to wing tip {wingspan}.
rotating around motion direction {barrel roll}.
Half roll at top of loop {Immelmann turn} can reverse direction and go higher.
climbing and turning then falling while turn continues {wing over}, until flying in opposite direction.
structural frame {airframe}.
Airplanes have parts {wing, airplane}| for lift.
shape
Airplane-wing shape optimizes upward pressure {lift, wing}, flows through air at upward angle {angle of attack} {attack angle}, puts strength where it needs to be strongest, and minimizes chance of sudden lift changes if attack angle changes.
tilt
Wing tilts up so air hits underneath wing to push wing up.
curves
Wing bottom is flat or only slightly curved, but top is highly arched {airfoil}. Wing cross-section is round in front and has point at back for streamlining. This shape causes air to travel farther over top and shorter over bottom. Air must move faster over top and slower underneath, so both meet at rear at same time. Slower air has more sideways pressure, because it has less forward pressure, and faster air has less sideways pressure, because it has more forward pressure, by Bernoulli's theorem. Net sideways pressure pushes wing upward. However, this effect is small compared to upward push from attack angle.
parts
Wing back-edge sections {flap, wing} can slide out or retract to make wing longer or shorter, to allow airplane to stay up with less speed. Wing back-edge movable pieces {aileron} can tilt up or down to force wing down or up, to change wing angle for landing and taking off.
thrust
Forward force {thrust, force}, from jet engine or propeller, can push winged objects through fluids.
Airplane bodies {fuselage} hold wings {airplane}|. Tail vertical piece {rudder, airplane} can move right or left to move plane left or right. Tail wing has small ailerons {elevator, wing} {wing elevator} to help tail go up or down.
two wings {biplane}.
large balloon filled with helium or hydrogen {blimp}.
large balloon filled with helium or hydrogen {dirigible}.
airplane with no motor {glider}.
Helicopter rotor blades have airfoil cross-section and are wings {helicopter}|. Helicopters move forward by tilting helicopter front down, to push air backward. The smaller propeller on helicopter tail prevents helicopter from rotor-angular-momentum spinning.
airplane with sail {sailplane}.
A large balloon can have a structural skeleton filled with hydrogen compartments {zeppelin}.
Cars {automobile}| have many parts and functions, especially from engine to wheels {drive train}.
fuel
A pump {fuel pump} maintains pressure in fuel line. Filters {fuel filter} keep fuel free of dirt and water.
air
Pressing down gas pedal opens fuel line and turns disc in airway {throttle}, to bring air through air filter. Fuel and air mix in a carburetor. Gasoline-air mixture goes through tubes {intake manifold} and valves {intake valve} into engine cylinders.
cylinder
Inside cylinder, a moveable steel cap {piston}, on a piston rod, uses steel rings {piston ring} to touch cylinder sides. Connecting rod attaches to offset rod crankshaft, located in oil-filled container {crankcase} at engine bottom.
cycle
When piston goes down, it sucks fuel-air mixture in. Intake valve closes. Then piston goes up to compress mixture. Original-volume to compressed-volume ratio {compression ratio} is between 6:1 and 10:1. At maximum compression, electric spark crosses arc {spark plug}, timed by electrical-current director {distributor, engine} that uses a capacitor to gain high voltage. Mixture explodes, forcing piston down. If mixture ignites before spark, you hear sound {pinging} {knocking, engine}. When piston moves up, valve {exhaust valve} opens.
cam
Crankshaft connects using rods {connecting rod} to shaft {camshaft} which times valve opening and closing. Cylinders cycle 300 times a minute.
exhaust
Exhaust goes into a pipe system {exhaust manifold, car} and then to a noise-reducing device {muffler} containing baffles.
cooling
A belt {fan belt} connected to engine crankshaft rotates fan. Fan pulls air through radiator tube system containing engine water, to cool water. Water circulates through engine and radiator using a pump {water pump}, which turns by a belt connected to crankshaft.
transmission
A heavy wheel {flywheel, car} connects to crankshaft at other end, to maintain smooth rotation. Flywheel connects to a plate. Plate can attach to another plate, attached to gears, in a clutch that allows engine to turn wheels or idle freely. Transmission allows gears to shift and attaches to connections to wheels.
differential
A steel rod {drive shaft} from transmission goes to power wheels. Drive shaft enters universal joint, which can rotate around three axes, allowing wheels to bounce, twist, and tilt. Universal joint attaches to differential to allow wheels to turn at different speeds while going around corners. Differential attaches to a part {axle} that attaches to wheels.
starter
Automobiles need an electric motor {starter} to start pistons moving.
oil pump
Automobiles need an oil pump to circulate and filter oil.
generator
Automobiles need an electric generator to charge battery that powers starter.
taxi {cab}.
two doors {coupe}.
Model T ford {flivver}.
taxi {hack, taxi} {hackney}.
Car roofs {hardtop} can have four supports, with no support between doors.
coffin carrier {hearse}.
small taxi {jitney}.
sports car {roadster}.
sporty car {runabout}.
Car roofs can have six supports, with supports between doors {sedan}.
large open car {touring car}.
large enclosed car {town car}.
Tires {balloon tire}| can have pressurized air inside, rather than being solid rubber.
structural frame {chassis}.
Vehicles can have covers {fender}| over tires. Cushions can separate boats, or boats and piers.
Vehicles can have a step {footboard}| at door bottom.
Meshwork {grille} is on body in front of radiator.
folding back seat {jump seat}.
Body panels can form a frame {unitized construction} {monocoque}.
Folding seats {rumble seat} can be on backs of two-seater cars.
Boards {running board} can be on sides below doors.
Passenger car {sidecar} can attach to motorcycles.
Vehicle top backs can have wings {spoiler}|, to hold down back at speeds above 150 km/hr.
under-body structural frame {undercarriage}.
Thick wax-like materials {undercoating}, applied under car, can prevent rust.
distance from axle to axle {wheelbase}.
boat parade {aquacade}.
boat group {flotilla}.
Winds {head wind} can blow from front.
boat docks {marina}.
commercial shipping {merchant marine}.
boat races {regatta}.
habituated to rolling sea {sea legs}.
sail across wind {beat, sailing}.
sail as much upwind as possible {close-haul}.
flap sail {luff}.
carry boats and supplies between two rivers {portage}.
measuring distance to bottom {sounding}.
sail upwind by sailing left and right at 45-degree angle {tack}.
rear {aft}.
middle {amidships}.
front {fore}.
left side {larboard}.
right side {starboard}.
bow large main beam {stem, boat}.
rear {stern, boat}.
maximum width {beam, boat}.
Hull lines {Plimsoll line} can show maximum allowed load.
Ships can carry maximum mass {tonnage}|.
look-out period {watch}.
hull water level {waterline}.
diving bell {bathyscaph}.
ship wastewater {bilge}.
anchored float {buoy}.
A rectangular board {centerboard} can go up or down at center of small sailboats, to act as a keel.
Curved arms {davit} on ship sides can raise and lower boats.
U's {oarlock} can hold oar handles.
Telephones {hydrophone} can be for under water.
An extendable tube {periscope} can have lenses and mirrors or prisms, to see above water from submarines.
Wood or metal {ribband} can hold ship ribs during planking or plating.
non-permanent equipment {running gear}.
large vertical net {seine, net}.
Weights {ballast} can be at ship bottoms for balance.
movable ballast {stabilizer}.
small three-hook anchor {grapnel}.
Large claws {grapple} {grappling hook} {grappling iron} can go over rails of adjacent ships.
front {bow, boat}.
Watertight walls {bulkhead} can be between ship compartments.
lookout seat near main-mast top {catbird seat}.
Ship stairs {companionway} can go from deck to cabins.
An armored raised command room {conning tower} can be under bridge.
Lookouts {crow's nest} can be near main-mast tops.
kitchen {galley}.
Walkways {gangplank} can go from ship to dock.
side top {gunwale} {gunnel}.
Openings {hatch} can go from deck to below.
third mast {mizzenmast}.
A gun-platform part {sponson} can project over side, for more firing angles.
ship or train compartment {stateroom}.
above topmast and below royal mast {topgallant}.
anchor or dock {mooring}.
Sea anchors {drogue}| can measure currents at different depths.
Canvas {sea anchor} over conical frame can act as a drag to reduce drift.
large emergency anchor {sheet anchor}.
upper deck {hurricane deck}.
aft deck {poop deck}.
upper-deck rear {quarterdeck}.
Large main beam {keel, boat} can attach to hull.
Wood timber {keelson} can bolt to keel.
A wood timber {stemson} can bolt to stem and keelson, where they meet near bow.
Wire {backstay} can go from mast top to stern.
towing or mooring rope {hawser}.
Rope {lifeline} can go to drowning person.
Horizontal ropes {ratline} can allow climbing to sails.
mast and sail ropes and tackle {rigging}.
four-sided sail {fore-and-aft sail}, like diamond.
four-sided sail {gaff, sail}.
sail {lateen}.
nylon sail fabric {sailcloth}.
sail {sheet}.
Four-sided sails {spanker} can be on aft-most lower mast.
Square sails {square rig} can be set horizontally.
Wood or metal poles {spar} can hold sails.
Spars {bowsprit} can point forward from bow.
Diagonal spars {sprit} can be from peak across four-sided fore-and-aft sail.
Long poles {yard, mast} can be across mast.
yard end {yardarm}.
large commercial ship or fleet {argosy}.
Noah's ship {ark}.
flat-bottom freighter {barge}.
Small boats {cutter} can carry supplies or passengers to ships, or war motorboats.
Boats {dory} can have flat bottoms and high sides.
Boats {hydrofoil} can have wing underneath.
Ships {icebreaker} can have reinforced bows.
motorboat {launch}.
Barges {lighter} can carry cargo from ship outside harbor to shore.
Ships {lightship} can be lighthouses.
passenger ship {liner}.
commercial ship {merchantman}.
Boats {outrigger} can have board parallel to hull.
passenger and cargo ship {packet, boat}.
Asian flat-bottom boat {sampan}.
rectangular flat-bottom boat {scow}.
Ships {side-wheeler} can have paddle wheels on side.
flat-bottom boat {skiff}.
Ships {stern-wheeler} can have paddle wheel at rear.
Ships {tender} can carry supplies and people to larger ships.
old boat {tub, boat}.
boat or ship {vessel, ship}.
Sailboats or motorboats {yacht} can be for pleasure cruising.
rowboat {dinghy}.
Canoes {dugout} can be logs.
Boats {gondola} can move and steer by poles.
Boats {kayak, boat} can be for one person to paddle.
large canoe {longboat}.
Rectangular boats {punt, boat} can have flat bottoms and move and steer by pole.
Long thin boats {shell, rowing} {rowing shell} can be for rowing contests.
Ships {bark} can have three to five masts and square sails.
Ships {brigantine} can have fore and aft masts and square sails.
small Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship {caravel} [1400 to 1600].
Platform with sail can connect two narrow hulls {catamaran}.
catamaran {catboat}.
Ships {clipper} can have three tall sails and narrow hull.
Asian long, flat-bottom sailboats {dhow} can have lateen rigging.
Large ships {galleon} can have three masts and square sails [1400 to 1600].
Ships {junk, ship} {junket, boat} can have flat bottoms, two or three masts, and triangular sails.
Ships {ketch} can have taller mast fore and smaller mast aft and square sails.
Ships {schooner} can have fore mast smaller than aft mast and triangular sails.
Boats {sloop} can have one mast and two triangular sails.
sailing ship {windjammer}.
Ships {xebec} can have three masts and square and triangular sails.
Ships {yawl} can have tall fore mast and short aft mast, or small boat.
largest ship besides aircraft carrier {battleship}.
fast ship used by pirates {corsair}.
War ships {corvette} can have three masts and square sails and be smaller and faster than frigates.
war ship smaller than frigate {cruiser}.
war ship larger than frigate {destroyer}.
battleship {dreadnought}.
main fleet ship {flagship}.
War ships {frigate} can have three masts and square sails [1600 to 1900]. War ships can be larger than cruisers and smaller than destroyers.
war ship {man-of-war}.
mine locating and removing ship {minesweeper}.
small battleship {pocket battleship}.
Ships {submarine} can travel completely underwater.
Ships {trireme} can have three rows of oars.
World War II German submarine {U-boat}.
Carriages {barouche} can have four wheels, folding tops, and outside driver's seats.
Carriages {brougham} can have four wheels, hard tops and sides, and outside driver's seats.
Carriages {buckboard} can have four wheels and bench seats.
Carriages {buggy} can have four wheels.
Carriages {cabriolet} can have two wheels, one horse, and folding top.
Carriages {chaise} can have convertible top and two wheels.
Carriages {chariot} can have two wheels for racing or fighting.
Wagons {chuck wagon} can have food and utensils.
Buses or long carriages {coach} can have four wheels.
Wagons {Conestoga} can have four wheels and cloth tops.
Carriages can have footmen {equipage}.
Carriages {hansom} can have two wheels, covers, and open driver's seats behind.
Four-seat carriages {landau} can have movable roofs.
rickshaw {pedicab}.
Carriages {phaeton} can have four wheels, folding tops, no extra driver's seat, and two horses.
Conestoga wagon {prairie schooner}.
chaise {shay}.
Carriages {sulky} can be for one person and one horse with two wheels.
Carriages {surrey} can have two seats, four wheels, and one horse.
Carriages {victoria} can have folding tops, four wheels, and high front driver's seats.
baby carriage {perambulator}.
baby carriage {pram}.
baby carriage {stroller}.
Platforms {dolly} can have four casters.
Strong platforms {dray} can have four small wheels.
Platforms {pallet} can have slots for lifting.
Carts {tumbrel} can have two wheels.
Carts {wheelbarrow} can have one wheel.
blade {runner}.
Sleds {bobsled} can have steerable front runners.
Low sleds {sledge} can have runners for snow and ice.
High sleds {sleigh} can have runners for snow and ice and have horses.
Vehicles {train, railroad}| {railroad train} can run on tracks.
force
Locomotives can use diesel engines or diesel-electric engines. Electric trains need a third rail, covered by insulator or buried in ground. Train shoe rides on third rail. Overhead wires can supply electricity. Arm reaches up from trolley to roller that rides on electric cable.
traction
Friction {traction, track} between rails and locomotive wheels pushes train.
grade
Track has angle {grade, track} to horizontal, which must be low enough for good traction.
railroad engine {iron horse}.
train cars {rolling stock}.
coach attached to moving underground cable {cable car}.
tracks raised above street level {elevated train} (el).
Open passenger cars {tram} can be on tracks or hang from cables.
rectangular {boxcar}.
small car with cabin, at train end {caboose}.
platform with side posts {flatcar}.
Tracks {track, train} {railroad track} have standard width {gauge, track} between rails: 4 feet 8 1/2 inches. Narrow-gauge railroad uses narrower width. Model trains use HO gauge, in which eighth inch equals one foot, or other gauges.
Railroad track {spur, track}| can have a dead-end branch, to hold waiting train cars or locomotives.
power rail {third rail} for electric train.
truck {lorry}.
arrested-people or prisoner wagon {paddy wagon}.
no back windows {panel truck}.
Trucks can have four or more wheels, front posts, and rear wheels {semitrailer} {semi}.
tow truck {wrecker}.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225