Devices {coffee maker}| can make coffee.
Hot water can go over coffee grounds in filter paper and drip through into cup {Chemex}.
Hot water can go over coffee grounds in a metal or ceramic holder with tiny holes in bottom and drip through into cup {Filtre}.
Bottom part can hold water, and top part can hold grounds, so steam from lower pot forces water up through tube into grounds {Silex}.
A metal cup with perforated base can hold grounds above a pot filled with water. Steam, from bottom, pushes water up tube to a small glass cup at pot top to drip hot water onto grounds {percolator}.
A water boiler can have a spigot leading to a small cup, which holds grounds for steaming {Espresso machine}.
Devices {radiator}| can receive steam or hot water from boilers or engines through pipes. Radiators have large surface area, to release heat into air by convection. Fan can blow on radiator. Cooler condensed water returns to boiler or engine through pipes. Whistle of radiators comes from valves that allow cold air to leave radiator but shut when hot.
As water leaves openings, it pushes backward and can cause bar to rotate {sprinkler}|, to change spray direction to cover yard. Sprinklers {impulse sprayer} can use water jets that hit a weighted bar and then a spring pulls bar back to hit a stop, which turns sprinkler top around. Sprinklers {hose walker} can have a bar connected to a gear, which moves a wheel along a guide. Sprinklers {tape winder} can have a bar connected to a winder, which pulls in metal tape attached to ground. Sprinklers {fan sprayer} can have tubes with rows of holes and a small water wheel, which oscillates sprayer.
Boilers {still, alcohol}| can produce alcohol-water steam, which cools at optimum temperature to make concentrated alcohol solution.
A rubber blade {squeegee}| on a perpendicular handle can wipe liquids from surfaces.
Beginning swimmers can wear inflated pads {water wing}| around upper arms.
Water tanks can have an opening to a bowl {toilet}| {water closet}. When rubber stopper moves, water falls into bowl. Bowl water goes out drain. A U-shaped pipe in drain {toilet trap} holds water, to prevent odors from coming from sewer pipes. Rubber plug falls back into hole. A float-control ball opens a valve to let water into tank, until float rises enough to close valve.
Flushing can cause vacuum {vacuum breaker}|, which sucks bowl contents out. Water flowing back in causes new vacuum.
Spray cans {aerosol can}| {spray can} can contain pressurized gas-and-liquid mixtures, which expand out a small hole after pressing button. Expansion force breaks liquid into tiny droplets in gas. Freon gas turns to liquid at pressure six atmospheres.
Air can mix with liquid and blow out an opening in a fine spray {atomizer}|.
Machines {vaporizer}| can push water against a screen to make spray or heat water to make steam.
Tubes {shunt, machine}| allow fluid to flow between two cavities or tubes.
Tubes {syringe}| can have a fitted piston to pull liquid by suction or push liquid by pressure.
Tubes can trap vapor that can slow fluid flow {vapor lock}|, when temperature makes fuel vapor pressure equal to liquid gravity or vacuum pressure.
Cylinders with a narrow part {Herschel Venturi tube} {Venturi tube, fluid}| can attach to a large tube in which fluid flows, to measure flow rate.
Tubes can have devices {valve, tube}| that prevent flow in one direction or flow in both directions.
A hollow ball can float on water surface and an attached rod opens and closes a fluid valve {ball cock}| {float cup}.
Valves {ball valve}| can have a ball that seals tube opening.
Side holes {aerator}| at faucet tips can let air into water. An aerator obstruction makes water turbulent, to allow more air.
Entrances {air lock}| can have two doors, so space between is a buffer.
Divers can carry a compressed air tank with breathing apparatus {aqualung}|.
Tubes {aspirator}| can have vacuum, which can pull up liquid or a small object.
Airflow can slow and quiet using perpendicular surfaces {baffle}|.
Air sacs {bellows}| can suck in air and then blow air out, to kindle fires.
Hollow tubes {blowpipe}| can blow air into receptacles.
People suck smoke, from hot tobacco placed on burning charcoal, over cool water into tube {waterpipe} {hookah}| {water pipe}.
Diver can use compressed air tank and breathing apparatus and wear wet suit {scuba}|.
Skin divers use a tube {snorkel}| from mouth to surface. Tube has ball valve that prevents water from entering during inhalation.
Water is available from a valve {faucet}| at pipe end, with a handle to allow or stop water flow. Faucets press a rubber or plastic washer into water inlet to close valve.
faucet {spigot}.
A rotating handle {turncock} {stopcock}| can close and open a fluid outlets.
Quills or feathers {pen, writing}| can hold ink in hollow insides [500].
Pens {ballpoint pen}| can have a rough-surface steel ball at tip. Thick ink is on ball.
Pens {fountain pen}| can have rubber sacs to hold ink or have replaceable ink cartridges. From ink sac, a capillary tube leads to point {nib, pen}. Nib is flexible and has a split down middle lengthwise. Slit acts like a capillary tube to draw ink forward. Plastic under point {comb, pen} stores ink. Pressure or temperature change forces ink out reservoir.
large hollow feather used to draw ink for writing {quill}.
Petroleum separates {fractional distillation column}| at 500 C into distillate, which goes to a solvent extractor to make lubricating oil, grease, and wax. Petroleum separates at 250 C into gas and oil, which goes to a catalytic cracker to make fuel oil, jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fuel. Petroleum separates at 170 C into kerosene. Petroleum separates at 100 C into heavy naphtha, which goes to a catalytic reformer to make gasoline. Petroleum separates at 65 C into naphtha for gasoline, propane and butane gas to make gasoline by alkylation, propylene and ethylene plastic in thermal cracker, and butadiene rubber by polymerization. Residue is asphalt and tar.
Burning used catalyst can remove residual hydrocarbons {chemical regenerator}|. Combusted gases heat a brick lattice that heats incoming air and fuel. Flow reverses regularly {heat regenerator}.
Hot oil and gas hydrocarbons from a petroleum fractional-distillation column can mix with catalyst to make shorter chains, which fractionally distill to make jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fuel {catalytic cracker} {cracker, machine}|. Regenerator receives catalyst.
Oil wells {gusher}| can strike oil or gas.
Unbranched hydrocarbons {heavy naphtha} from petroleum fractional distillation column and/or catalytic cracker flow over heated catalyst {catalytic reformer} {reformer}|, to make branched hydrocarbons for gasoline. Catalyst goes to regenerator.
Petroleum distillate can make lubricating oil, grease, and wax {solvent extractor}|.
Ethylene plastic comes from gases from fractional petroleum distillation {thermal cracker}|.
Devices {pump, machine}| can receive fluid from one opening, take fluid part, and force fluid out another opening.
types
Pumps {piston pump} can use pistons in cylinders to suck fluid in as they go down, while keeping outlet check valve closed by pressure, and then force fluid out as they go up, while keeping inlet check valve closed by pressure.
Piston pumps {axial piston pump} can use a circle of pistons. Rotating wedges {wobble plate} can press and release pistons as they turn.
Pumps {gear pump} can have two gears, one rotating clockwise and one counterclockwise, which squeeze fluid between teeth and housing and push fluid out one side.
Pumps {vane pump} can have rotors with spring-loaded sliding vanes. Vanes sweep fluid around housing from inlet to outlet.
priming
Fluid fills pumps to start them working {pump priming, fluid}.
Basements or tanks {sump}| can hold water gathered by gravity. Pumps {sump pump} can remove water from sumps.
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Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225