Valves {choke}| can allow more gasoline into engines at startup.
Engines can have removable covers {cowling}|.
After engine turns off, last burning fuel can exit in exhaust {flameout}|.
A heavy wheel {flywheel, inertia}| can connect to an axle or crankshaft, spread power bursts in engine, and store energy. Most mass is on outer rim.
In first phase {intake}, piston goes down to cause vacuum and draws mixture into cylinder through intake valve. In second phase {compression phase}, piston compresses gases as it goes up. In third phase {ignition and expansion}, spark plug fires, and gases burn and expand to push piston down. In fourth phase {exhaust phase}, piston forces exhaust gases out exhaust valve as piston comes back up. Then the four phases repeat {Otto cycle}.
Engines can have a fan {supercharger}| that blows air and/or fuel into cylinders, rather than delivering fuel only by suction.
Exhaust-control devices {thermal reactor} can reduce hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by burning.
Engine governors or processes turn device on or off to maintain safe conditions {fail-safe}|.
Devices {governor, machine}| can regulate steam-engine rotation velocity.
Engines {reciprocating piston engine} {engine} can have pistons that move up and down in cylinders. Fuel is gasoline, kerosene, methanol, natural gas, or hydrogen.
External combustion engines {external combustion engine}| {Stirling engine} can use two pistons at ends of one cylinder. Stationary fine-metal heat exchanger {regenerator, heat} cycles heat between pistons. Combustion supplies heat to heat exchanger, to expand vapor. Colder-side piston forces vapor through regenerator, to expand vapor and push other piston. Other piston then becomes colder piston, and cycle repeats. Stirling engines are more efficient than steam engines.
Engines {internal combustion engine}| can burn fuel inside cylinders. Fuel goes from fuel tank into a chamber {carburetor}, where it mixes with air. Piston engines use Otto cycle. Piston engines have four, six, eight, or twelve cylinders.
Combustion can create ionized gas, which flows past wire coils to magnetically create electrical current {magnetohydrodynamics}| (MHD).
Internal combustion engines {rotary engine}| {Wankel engine} can have three chambers in a cylinder and a rotary piston. Chambers use Otto cycle. Rotor is on an eccentric shaft. Cooling elements are at rotor tips.
External combustion engines {steam engine}| can continually burn fuel in an open chamber to heat water into vapor. Expanding vapor enters a cylinder and pushes piston, which connects to crankshaft. Force rotates crankshaft, and crankshaft returns piston to cylinder top, to start cycle again {reciprocating piston}.
Engines can have auxiliary burning places for compressed gases {stratified charge engine}.
Locomotives {traction engine}| can operate off tracks.
Machines {turbine}| can have rotating blades turned by falling water or fuel combustion.
Steam from boiler can spin turbine blades {steam turbine}|.
Internal combustion engines {diesel engine}| can have no spark plugs and no carburetor. Fuel squirts into cylinder {fuel injection}. Compression is so high that fuel ignites without spark. Diesel engines use Otto cycle.
Premixed fuel and air can explode by pressure in low-temperature, clean-burning internal-combustion diesel engine {homogeneous-charge compression-ignition engine} {HCCI engine}.
Repeated internal combustion bursts can push out hot gas {pulsejet engine}|.
Jet engines have a second combustion chamber {afterburner}|, where remaining fuel burns.
In jet engines {gas turbine}| {jet engine}, burning gas can expand through many thin-bladed propellers {vane, propeller} {propeller vane}, to rotate shaft. Shaft rotates fans to pull in air to mix with fuel. Gases leave through engine rear {exhaust manifold, gas turbine}.
Jet or rocket engines {reaction engine}| can emit high-speed gases backward.
Turbojet engines {ramjet engine}|, with no compressor or turbine, can use only air from forward motion.
Ramjet engines can operate only at supersonic speeds {scramjet}.
Chamber burns oxygen and fuel mixture and sends hot gas out small opening in rear to propel object {rocket}| forward.
Rockets {retrorocket}| can fire in opposite direction to slow object.
Two engine-shaft cranks can connect {draglink}| {drag link}, so they turn together.
Piston connects to crankshaft by metal rod {piston rod}|.
Internal-combustion-engine lever {rocker arm}| pushes valve.
Devices {crankshaft}| can convert back-and-forth motion into rotary motion, opposite of pitman.
Devices {pitman}| can convert rotary motion into back-and-forth motion, opposite of crankshaft.
Engines can emit metallic taps {knock, engine}| if they fire too early or late.
Engines can emit metallic rings {ping}| if fuel is too volatile so it fires too early.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225