Nine-person teams {baseball}| can have pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, shortstop, and third baseman, who deploy around the diamond, and right fielder, center fielder, and left fielder, who deploy in the outfield. Pitchers can throw a hard medium-size ball over home plate above knee and below shoulders {strike, baseball} or miss {ball, baseball}. Three strikes retires batter {out, baseball}. Four balls is a pass to first base {walk, baseball}. Batter uses a bat to try to hit ball into the field {hit, baseball} or to right or left {foul ball}. Foul balls are strikes, unless batter has two strikes already. Batters try to get to first base by hit or walk and advance around second and third bases, back to home plate to score a run. Hits can be a single to first base, double to second base, triple to third base, or home run to home plate.
Five-person teams {basketball}| can have center, two forwards, and two guards. Large ball advances by pass or dribble. Players dribble, pass, or shoot.
shot
Players try to put the ball in the opponent's basket, for two points if inside three-point line or three points if outside three-point line.
fouls
Players cannot impede shots by contact. After a foul, fouled player shoots free throws or team receives ball out of bounds.
shot: free throw
Fouled players shoot freely from free-throw line {free throw}, one or two times, to score one point each.
turnovers
Players with the ball cannot stop and resume dribbling {double dribble} or move without dribbling {traveling}. After turnovers, other team receives the ball out of bounds.
shot theory
Shots can have distance, speed, and angle errors. Shooting closer to basket has higher percentage. Hands over the head are closer to basket, so overhead shots have higher percentage. Hands are closer to basket when at jump top, so jump shots have higher percentage.
Shots using only fingers and hand have higher percentage, because large muscles are less accurate. Shorter shots can use less arm and leg muscles. Overhead shots can use less leg muscle, because they are shorter. Jump shots use less leg muscle.
Shots off backboard are longer, use angles that are hard to calculate, and have different targets each time. However, hitting high-speed shots off backboard can slow shots. Underhand shots off backboard hit backboard going up and can be shorter. Shots off backboard are slower.
Make ball enter rim at 45-degree angle, to maximize distance and speed error range that can make successful shots. If hand is below rim, shoot with angle more than 45 degrees, so ball enters rim at 45-degree angle.
Aim to go through rim center, and look at that point. Net shape helps determine that point.
Sport {bowling}| can use a heavy plastic ball to strike ten pins standing in a triangle at the end of a lane. Bowling is in a building {bowling alley}. All ten pins can fall on first ball {strike, bowling} or on two balls {spare, bowling}. Other bowling games are candlepin bowling and ninepins.
Sport {cricket match}| can have an oval field {pitch, field} with two posts {wicket, cricket} and an edge. From behind his wicket, pitcher throws a hard small ball to the ground to try to bounce it onto other wicket. Batsman uses a flat bat to protect the wicket and hit the ball. After hitting, batter can stay near wicket or can run to second wicket to score a run. If hit is far, batter can try to return to first wicket to score another run. If hit rolls to boundary, it is four runs. If hit lands past boundary, it is six runs. Players can catch a fly ball or tag batter while he runs between wickets, to score {out, cricket}. Ten outs retires batting team. Pitched balls count {over, cricket} and games can have limited overs.
Sport {field hockey}| can use sticks to roll a medium-size ball into a net on a field.
On offense, eleven-person teams {football}| can have center, two guards, two tackles, two ends, quarterback, halfback, fullback, and slotback or wide receiver. On defense, eleven-person teams can have three or four linemen, three or four linebackers, two safeties, and two cornerbacks.
play
After plays, ball is on scrimmage line for four downs, in which offense tries to move forward ten yards {first down}.
scoring
Moving ball into opponent's end zone scores seven points {touchdown}. Kicking ball through opponent's goal posts scores three points {field goal}. Kicking ball through opponent's goal posts after a touchdown scores one point {point after}. Moving ball into opponent's end zone after a touchdown scores two points {points after}. Downing opponent in its end zone scores two points {safety, football}.
kicking
After receiving ball, offensive team can elect to kick ball to opponent {free kick}. Offensive team can elect to kick ball to opponent on fourth down {punt, football}.
ball movement
Players can carry ball forward {rush, football}. Players can throw ball downfield {pass, football}. Players can throw ball sideways {lateral, football}.
blocking
Offense tries to block players from downing ball carrier {blocking, football}.
tackling
Defense tries to down ball carrier {tackling}.
penalties
Teams cannot move across scrimmage line before ball moves from line {offside, football}. Teams cannot move forward before ball moves from line {illegal motion}. Teams cannot hit the passer after ball release {roughing the passer}. Teams cannot hit the kicker after ball release {roughing the kicker}. Teams cannot hit interfere with pass receiving or defending five yards beyond scrimmage line {pass interference}. Teams cannot block or tackle illegally {personal foul}. Penalties award other team five, ten, or fifteen yards or a down.
Golf bags have 14 clubs: driver, woods 1 through 3, irons 2 through 9, wedge or sand wedge, and putter {golf}|. On each of 18 or 9 holes, players strike the ball from tee through fairway to green and then putt into a four-inch hole. Score is number of strokes.
strokes
Holes have stroke standards {par, golf}: 3, 4, or 5. Eighteen holes have par 70, 71, or 72. Players can take one more stroke {bogey}, two more strokes {double bogey}, three more strokes {triple bogey}, one less stroke {birdie, golf}, two less strokes {eagle, golf}, three less strokes {double eagle}, or one stroke {hole-in-one}.
Basic Swinging
To simplify right-handed swing, concentrate on trapezius back muscle where inside middle of right shoulder blade meets upper middle spine.
To start right-handed backswing, turn around that muscle to rotate right shoulder around spine. Rotate around right ankle and rotate right thigh. Rotate hips and twist their outer muscles. Keep left arm straight, and keep right arm straight as long as possible.
After body finishes rotating, keep arms extended and continue to pull arms around body until just before you start to lose balance and/or lose sight of ball. Rotate waist muscles.
To start right-handed swing, rotate around right inside middle trapezius muscle again to go down and through ball toward target.
Basic Putting
To putt smoothly, place eye directly over ball. Using the basic swing, but gently, draw club straight back same distance as intended finish distance, then slide through the ball. Put straight topspin on ball.
hand golf
Golf {hand golf} can use only hands and ball. Players throw the ball from tee toward hole. Players pick up the ball and throw it toward the hole. On the green, players roll the ball into cup like bowling. Because there are no clubs, expense is lower, and you do not need golf carts. You never lose balls.
Players use hands to throw a ball against a wall {handball}|.
Sport {hurling}| can be similar to field hockey.
Sport {jai alai}| can use wicker rackets to catch a hard medium-size ball and throw it against a wall.
Sport {lacrosse}| can use webbed sticks {crosse} to carry a ball and throw it into a net on a field.
Sport {rugby}| can use a large football. Official places ball at tackle spot, and play starts {scrum}. Players advance by running or lateraling, until another player tackles ball carrier. Team scores when a player carries ball into opponent's end zone {try, rugby} or kicks ball through opponent's goal posts on a free kick or drop kick. After a penalty, team can take a free kick.
Eleven-person teams {soccer}| can have goalie, four defenders, three midfielders, two forwards, and striker. Players kick or head the medium-size ball toward a large net on a 100-meter field, without using arms. In the goal area, goalies can use arms and hands to defend net. Passes can go only to a player with at least one defender still ahead {offside, soccer}. World Cup is the most-famous soccer championship.
Sport {softball}| can be like baseball and use a large ball with underhand pitching. Softball can be slow pitch or fast pitch.
Teams {volleyball}| have six players on one court side, three next to net and three in backcourt. Players can slam ball to opponent's side {spike, volleyball}, set up spike, or hit a low ball {dig, volleyball}. Sides have three hits to return ball to other side. Players cannot hold ball. Each point begins with a serve from behind court baseline. The team that won previous point serves. Teams can score points only while serving. 15 points wins game.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225