The Six Systems of Hinduism have an oldest system {Samkhya} {Sankhya}.
duality
World and human nature are separate. The world of matter {praktri, Samkhya} is completely separate from the infinite number of light-like conscious eternal selves {purusa, Samkhya}.
duality: matter
Matter is one thing but manifests itself in three gunas: tamas is inertia or tiredness, rajas is activity or pain, and sattva is harmony, tension, or pleasure.
duality: self
Self that associates with matter binds to the samsara endless round of birth and death. To disassociate Self from all matter, one can follow stages through proper techniques. Yoga can stop mind's spontaneous activities. Mind has ability to transform itself into whatever it senses, feels, or remembers, and always does so. Yoga can end restless transformations, which fix on the unreal. Yoga stills all senses, emotions, and thoughts and instead substitutes concentration on innermost being. Ending restless transformations reveals inner self.
cause and effect
Cause and effect are one. Effects re-form causes.
human body
Body has five senses, brain, life span, strength, breathing, intuition, and ego or consciousness.
knowledge hindrances
Five hindrances block true knowledge. Avidya is ignorance, thinking that conscious mind is and gives truth. Asmita is the idea that ego or mind is true Self. Raja is attachment, sympathy, interest, affection, love, and desire. Dvesa is hate, dislike, and repulsion. Abhinivesa (toward life) is desire to live.
mind
Mind activities include accurate perception through inference and testimony, inaccurate perception, fantasy, sleep, and memory.
organs of action
Humans have five organs of action: speaking, grasping, moving, evacuating, and reproducing. These and the five senses are gates or openings of body to outer world. Intelligence, ego, and judgment make up the "inner organ" that controls these gates.
prana
Five prana spirits or life-breaths are exhaling, inhaling, digesting or equalizing, ascending, and pervading. They maintain the body. Pranas continue after death, carrying previous impressions and nature of being.
self
Self is pervasive in the body, unchanging, eternal, not compound, unmoving, uninvolved, free, uncaused, uncausing, and infinite. Self appears to be alive, as reflected in matter's activity, but it is not. The "inner organ" of one's matter controls the life-process. Person's mind can know the light of the Self, but mind does not associate with Self at all. People cannot realize Self, because mind always distracts. Stopping mind gives clear view of Self.
unconsciousness
Yogis use asceticism, learning, prayer, and surrender of Self to the One to isolate self from world. People disengage selves from all matter and realize their isolation. All motion and action are part of matter and so end. Yogis reverse usual unfolding of matter, which starts with praktri, then makes subtle matter, and then makes actual matter, which has the most tamas. Self finally stands passive and individual, unconnected to rest of universe. People then abide in eternal unconsciousness.
history
Kapila or Bhagavatam wrote Sankhya Sutras and founded a school. Asuri was disciple of Kapila. Pancasika was disciple of Asuri and wrote sutras. Isvara-Krsna [400 to 500] wrote Sankhya-karikas or Sankhya-saptati. Gaudapada [700] wrote Sankhya-karika-bhasya. Vacaspati [840] wrote Sankhya-tattva-kaumudi about Sankhya-karika-bhasya. Aniruddha [1400 to 1500] wrote Sankhya-pravacana-sutravrtti about Sankhya-karika-bhasya. Vijnana-bhiksu [1650] wrote Sankhya-pravacana-bhasya. Sankhya-sara has comments about Kapila's Sankhya Sutras.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224