He lived 570 to 632, was born in Mecca, was merchant-traveler, was epileptic, and founded Islam. He is also Mahomet, Mahmoud, Mehemet, or Muhammad.
He meditated in the mountains [610] and one day became inspired on Mount Hira. He had vision that the Angel Gabriel instructed him to preach new faith centered on one true God, Allah. He proclaimed that there was one god and that he was the messenger and last prophet. He taught that believers in Allah submitted to God {Muslim, Mohammad}.
He had a vision of going to Mi'raj heaven on al-Borak, a winged animal.
Tribal leaders opposed him. He fled to Medina [622] after losing battle in Mecca, flight called the Hegira. He gained rule in Medina but then suffered another defeat and escaped to cave. People did not find him in cave because he did not destroy spider's web. He conquered until he won Hejaz, region near Medina. He went to Mecca [630] and overthrew Caaba or Kaaba, the old sanctuary. He saved the black stone, called Hajaru'l-Aswad. Mecca became religious center. He later conquered Damascus. He died at Mecca [632] at his favorite wife Ayesha's house, after preaching from Mount Arafat.
She lived 642 to 699 and was Mohammad's favorite wife and Abu Bekr's daughter.
She lived 615 to 632, was Mohammad's daughter, and married Ali.
After losing battle in Mecca, Mohammad fled to Medina [622] {Hegira}.
Islam split into Shia and Sunni. Shia said Ali was true caliph. Sunni said caliph should be from Mohammed's direct line.
He lived ? to 748 and founded Mu'tazila school. Second leader was Amr of Ubayd [? to 761]. Baghdad schools opposed it.
Scholars wrote it in Baghdad. Hadith determine how to live as Muslim {Sunnah}. There also are histories and biographies, commentaries on Qur'an, and legal analyses.
Scholars wrote it in Baghdad.
He lived 1058 to 1111 and was main Sufi philosopher. He identified twenty false philosophical claims, later discussed by Averroës.
Islam came with traders and became main Indonesia religion.
He lived 1164 to 1240 and followed Sufi principles and unity of divine being {pantheism, Arabi}.
He lived 1703 to 1792 and started Salafi or Wahabi sect, which reformed Sunni Islam and emphasized simple life with no rites.
He lived 1924 to 1996 and wrote about Sufism.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225