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He lived -563 to -483. He is also Buddha {Enlightened One} {Awakened One}, Arahat (conqueror or worthy one), Siddhartha (accomplisher of aim), Tathagata (arriver at truth), and Sakyamuni or Shakyamuni {silent sage of the Sakyas}. He had ten major disciples.
He was wealthy during youth, but he left his easy life at 29 [-534] to see the world and encountered sick man, old pauper, and dead man. His Great Renunciation of luxury was at Kapilavastu [-534]. He began to search for the meaning of life and found enlightenment by understanding source of suffering. He had Great Struggle to find knowledge. According to Buddhism, while under the Bo tree at Gaya or Uruvela, Kama-Mara, god of desire and death, tempted him but did not affect him. He completely introverted. He stayed seven days and nights under the tree and then moved to new tree and stayed there seven days and nights. He experienced the Great Awakening and became the Buddha [-538]. He felt state of nothingness with no individualness and total mystical knowledge {nirvana, Buddha}. He repeated this five more times. When he again saw the world, he realized that what he had experienced was beyond speech. He felt to talk about it was vain. According to Buddhism, Brahman, the Creator, implored him to teach all creation, awaken it from the dream of life, and show it the Path, though few can take it. He proclaimed his doctrine at Sarnath and died at Kusinagara [-483].
He advocated ascetic life, with no rituals, no castes, and no gods. He did not claim to be god, but his followers worshipped him.
Monk communities began.
He was Buddha's disciple.
Buddhist monks established discipline and law.
Buddhist monks established discipline and law.
Buddhist monks opposed second-council laws. One group felt that only observing Rules of Vinaya or Canon Law achieved Buddhahood. The other group felt that Buddhahood was in everyone already and anyone can develop it.
First Buddhist Council resulted in division into Mahayana and Hinayana.
He was Greek king of Sagala in Bactria [-155 to -130]. Nagasena persuaded him to become Theravada Buddhist.
He persuaded Milinda or Menander, Greek king of Sagala in Bactria [-155 to -130], to become Theravada Buddhist.
Way of the Elders or Lesser Vehicle is mainly practiced in south Asia.
Mahayana Buddhism allowed less stringent practices than Theravada Buddhism. Mahayana means greater vehicle. Hinayana means lesser vehicle.
Three Baskets {tripitaka} {tipitaka} are Vinaya Pitaka, Sutra Pitaka, and Abhidharma Pitaka. Buddhist oral teachings are Theravada Buddhism scripture. Other schools are Mahayana and Vajrayana. Vinaya Pitaka is practices and ethical code for monks and nuns. Sutra Pitaka has Buddha's life, dialogues, and teachings {agamas} {nikayas}. Anguttara Nikaya is in Sutra Pitaka fourth division. Abhidharma Pitaka (Toward Higher Thought or Toward Reality) systematically investigates mind and matter. Tripitaka parts include Cullavagga, Dipavamsa, Mahavagga, Mahavamsa, Niddesa, Parivara, Patisambhida, and Sataka.
He wrote Tripitaka first basket, which has rules for the sangha monastic community.
He wrote Tripitaka second basket, Sutta Pitaka, Sutrapitaka, or Basket of Discourses, which has the Five Nikayas. Longer Nikaya and Shorter Nikaya are first two parts and are Buddha's dialogues. Third Nikaya is Anguttara or Progressive Addition, which states doctrines by units, then pairs, threes, fours, then to tens. Fourth Nikaya is Satlyutta or Clusters, which states Logia or doctrines by subject. Sutrapitaka contains the Girimananda Sutra (Discourse to the Venerable Girimananda), Mahanidana Sutra (Great Discourse on Origination), Mangala Sutra (Discourse on Blessings), Metta Sutra (Discourse on Loving-Kindness), Ratana Sutra (Discourse on Precious Jewels), Samannaphala Sutra (Discourse on the Fruits of Recluseship), and Theranama Sutra (Discourse on Knowing the Better Way to Live Alone). Fifth Nikaya is in Sutrapitaka or third basket.
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Mahayana sutras include Ratnagunasamchayagatha, Vajracchedika, Lankavatara, and Vimalakirti-nirdesa. Philosophical arguments are in Shastras.
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Buddhism split into Hinayana, or little boat, and Mahayana, or great boat. Buddha worship began. Gods are Buddhas of past and future.
Buddhist missionaries arrived.
Buddhism is Fotism in China.
He was later Sautranika. Words are always general, never particular, and serve to negate {exclusion theory of meaning}.
Tantras, mantras, and yantras are about Vishnu, Shiva, or Devi. Shaivism agamas, such as Kamika, are about Shiva. Shakta tantras are about Devi. Vishnuism samhitas are about Vishnu.
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Council established Mahayana Buddhism.
He founded Madhyamika, Sunyavada, or Voidist School of Mahayana Buddhism. He used the dialectic to break fixed conceptions and to prove that all signs are meaningless, that all is and is not, and that all statements are refutable {Doctrine of the Void}.
Epistemology
To have true knowledge, people should detach from everything and be aware of Emptiness. Using logic to prove contradictions forces coming to the concept of emptiness, neither being nor non-being. Therefore, all things are empty. They come into being for moments but are dependent. In emptiness, there is no contradiction and no strife.
Knowledge depends on external-object reality, but their reality comes from ability to know, so everything depends on varying perspectives and is not certain. Cause and effect are both meaningless. Pain and pleasure are both meaningless.
Ethics
The highest goal is the Void, but Void is neither void nor not-void, because it is indescribable, with no goal, no burden, and no conflict.
Middle Way is balanced moderate life. People should not attach {non-attachment} to the 75 dharmas.
Metaphysics
Only one Void exists, so no metaphysics is true. Only relations exist. Things only have momentary existence. Being or substance is always ordering and forming {dharma, Nagarjuna}, with no permanent order or form.
Buddhism arrived.
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He developed Yogacara (Vijnanavada) School of Mahayana Buddhism, was Asanga's half-brother, and worked on logic.
He lived 300 to ?, developed Yogacara (Vijnanavada) School of Mahayana Buddhism, and was Vasubandhu's brother. Perhaps, Maitreyanatha wrote some.
Buddhism arrived.
He lived 384 to 414, was Kuramajiva's student, and started and led Hua-yen School [410 to 414], a Zen precursor. He was of Maadhyamikas School, Madhyamaka School, San-lun tsung, or School of the Three Treatises. The schools used Nagarjuna's Madhyamika-sastra (Spiritual Texts on the Middle Way) and Dvadasadvara or Twelve Gates and Aryadeva's Sata-sastra or Treatise in One Hundred Verses. Another influence was Yogacara.
School depends on the Avatamsaka Sutra or Flower Garland Sutra. All comes from dharma (higher thought). Leaders were Seng-chao, Tao-sheng, Tu-shun [557 to 640], Chih-yen [602 to 668], Fa-ts'ang [643 to 712], Ch'eng-kuan [737 to 838], and Ts'ung-mi [780 to 841].
He lived 360 to 434, was Kuramajiva's student, and headed Hua-yen School after Seng-chao [414 to 434].
Large Buddhist temples and cave temples began in China.
He lived 480 to 540 and was of Mahayana-Buddhism Yogacara School. He replaced older logic {trairuupia} with implication {vyaapti}.
He started rational T'ien-t'ai School in China, which uses Lotus Sutra Fa-hua Ching or Saddharmapu.
Buddhism arrived and affected art, architecture, music, and writing.
He was Dignaga's student and listed cognition types and how they relate to their objects.
He lived 617 to 686, in Sil Lah period, united Buddhist-sect teachings, and added Tao and Confucian ideas. He was one of the Ten Sages of the Ancient Korean Kingdom. He followed the way of the flow of the wind {poong-ryu-do}, using the idea of nothingness {mu, Buddhism} to eliminate dualities and achieve unity.
He lived 774 to 835 and introduced Tantric Buddhism to Japan as Shingon or True Word School. All people can attain enlightenment, by meditation, mantras {shingon}, and hand movements. Enlightenment requires ten stages. The final stage is identity with the Buddha {Mahavairocana}. He was a calligrapher. Perhaps, he invented Japan's hiragana script.
He brought Mahayana Buddhism to Tibet, and there he is second Buddha.
From the rational T'ien-t'ai School in China, he went to Japan and founded [806] the Tendai School in Japan.
He derived metaphysics and epistemology from Tantric Buddhism and developed Kashmir Shaivism. Female energy resides in the body, and people need to become aware of this knowing, wishing, and acting power.
Aesthetics
He invented an aesthetics theory {theory of rasa} {rasa theory, Abhinavagupta}.
He lived 1133 to 1212, broke with royal court's Tendai Buddhism and military's Shingon or Tantric Buddhism, and introduced Pure Land Buddhism based on Shan-tao or Zendo [1176]. Honen, Dogen, Nichiren, and Honen's disciple Shinran developed popular Buddhism {Kamakura Buddhism}. Honen developed Jodo-shu, and his disciple Shinran derived Jodoshin-shu.
He lived 1173 to 1262, was Honen's student, founded Pure-Land sect, and said Amida has all power.
Buddhism arrived.
He lived 1870 to 1966 and translated many Buddhist books into English.
He lived 1879 to 1950 and was Tantric Buddhist.
He lived 1935 to ?, became Dalai Lama [1940], and went into exile in India [1959], when China took over Tibet.
He lived 1931 to ? and tried psilocybin, then LSD, with Timothy Leary and Ralph Metzner in 1960's.
By legend, Bodhidharma was 28th in line of transmission from Buddha's disciple Kasyapa, founded Chan or Zen in China as mixture of Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism, and was first Patriarch of Zen. His story is in Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp [527]. Chan says that all people have Buddha nature, but thought and feeling obscure it.
He lived 487 to 593 and was second Patriarch of Zen Buddhism.
He lived ? to 606 and was third Patriarch of Zen Buddhism [580 to 606].
He lived 580 to 651 and was fourth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism.
He lived 601 to 675 and was fifth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism. His student Faju [638 to 689] started Northern School.
He lived 637 to 713 and was sixth and last Patriarch of Zen Buddhism [675 to 713].
He lived 655 to 713 and was Hui-neng's disciple. Zen-Buddhism Soto School depends on his teachings.
He lived 660 to 740, was Hui-neng's disciple, and taught Shih-t'ou Hsi-ch'ien.
He lived 670 to 762, was Hui-neng's disciple, started Southern School, and opposed Northern-School creation.
He lived 677 to 744, was Hui-neng's disciple, and started Hongzhou School. Zen-Buddhism Rinzai School depends on his teachings.
He lived 700 to 790 and was Hsuan-chueh Hsing-ssu's disciple.
He lived 709 to 788 and was Nan-yueh Huai-jang's disciple.
He lived 720 to 814, was Chao-chou's disciple, and founded first Zen community. Chao-chou was previous Zen-Buddhist leader.
He lived 748 to 834 and was Ma-tsu's disciple.
He lived ? to 850 and was Pai-chang's disciple.
He lived 778 to 897 and was Nan-chuan's disciple.
He lived 830 to 867, was Hung-po's disciple, and led to Rinzai School. He started the shout "Ho" or "Kwatz".
He lived 980 to 1052.
He lived 1141 to 1215 and introduced Zen to Japan, as Rinzai School, building on Ch'an Buddhism in China. He began tea ceremony and brought green tea from China to Japan.
He lived 1200 to 1253, came from China, and started Zen-Buddhism Eiheiji or Soto School. "Enlightenment and practice are one." All things already have enlightenment. All things have their times.
He lived 1394 to 1481.
He lived 1518 to 1591 and perfected tea ceremony.
He lived 1573 to 1645 and perfected Zen swordsmanship. He emphasized that mind should not focus or rest {no mind} but be ready to act at any time and place.
He lived 1622 to 1693 and was Zen master.
He lived 1685 to 1768 and was Zen poet and painter. People need to meditate during all activities.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225