Perhaps, memory content is only coded percepts {bounded memory}, with no other representation types, such as memory hierarchy or higher-order structures.
Memories represent percepts {perceptual code} and meanings {semantic code}.
meaning
Meaning and understanding are more important than percepts. Mind uses schema memory structures that contain meaning hierarchies, relating lower-level parts and higher-level wholes, and have semantic relations among concepts. General information integrates memory contents.
Memories are made, stored, and recalled using active cognitive processes {constructivist model} {interactive memory, constructivism}, which relate existing memories and interpret memory content, so memory has no bound. Storage and reconstruction are non-conscious. Information acquired after storing original memory can affect memories. Memory content can weaken over time.
strength
Memory assimilation to whole meaning structure determines memory strength.
recall
Reconstruction often supplies purposes, intentions, or missing information. Recall can often be inaccurate, because interpretation always happens. Recall depends on memory strength and related evidence.
individuality
Differences in understanding cause individual memories to vary.
Perhaps, memory storage involves linear functions over metric space {contractive affine transform}. Functions can be fractals. Mapping function can alter image location, orientation, and size. To recall, abstract-space trajectories specify imaged patterns as attractors.
Perhaps, cerebral cortex added declarative memory {declarative memory theory}. Cerebral cortex added processing loop between sense and motor processing regions and loops to anticipate sense information and prepare actions. Improved readiness offsets delay in processing between sense and motor regions. Training or other repeated use bypasses loop.
Perhaps, stored object and episode memories are percept copies or representations, coded in long-term memory {empiricism, memory}. Memory content is only coded percepts.
process
Perception is first. Representation follows.
units
Basic memory units are non-conscious shapes, sizes, motions, and percept qualities. Memory units can associate by being close in space, time, shape, or quality.
strength
Memory strength depends on number of stored units.
time
Stored memory codes do not change over time. Because perception is reliable, memories are typically accurate. Differences in perception cause memories to vary.
recall
Recall moves percept from unconscious coded content to consciousness, based on association cues {direct retrieval hypothesis, empiricism}.
Perhaps, short-term memory involves storing perceptual features, and memories are linked feature sets {featural model}. Features are about stimulus intensity, location, time, frequency, and quality and about higher-level stimulus combinations. Sense-input memories have features about sense mode and stimuli. Memories of thoughts and memory rehearsal have higher-level stimulus combinations and few modal features. The featural model does not use associations among features.
probability
Features have values or probabilities. Excitations and inhibitions during memory formation depend on reinforcement pathways and change feature probabilities.
recall
Recall involves selection among alternatives by feature probability. Mind compares cues, which can generate secondary cues, to features. If match is above threshold, mind recalls object or word {reintegration}. Recall takes one step. If new memory has same feature value as existing memory, new-memory feature value replaces previous-item feature value, and previous-item memory degrades.
Perhaps, consciousness is viewpoint-specific representations in short-term memory {intermediate-level theory of consciousness, cognition} [Crick and Koch, 2000] [Jackendoff, 1987] [Jackendoff, 1996] [Jackendoff, 2002] [Siewert, 1998] [Strawson, 1996]. Consciousness is at level intermediate between sense qualities and thought. Consciousness stores computation results in information structures. Consciousness is a three-dimensional model and involves position, shape, color, motion, attention, and representation. People cannot be aware of mental processes, computations, or abstract representations.
Perhaps, memories use index {library memory}. Perceptual patterns find indices and trigger memories.
Perhaps, memory units {mnemon} are anatomical or logical structures. However, memory and recall have no basic units {memory unit}. Abstract higher-level categories are important for memory and recall. Stimulus recalls multiple memories.
Perhaps, in situations in which habits do not apply, people use knowledge structures {memory organization packet, cognition} involving causes, effects, goals, and rewards to account for actions and facts. For example, movements can have 20 causal chains. Similar knowledge structures apply to places, physical actions, social relations, and personal intentions.
Perhaps, people try to generate spatial context, time context, and other overall representations {mental model} as they read or see something.
Perhaps, memory organization and repetition affect recognition memory and recall memory in same way {mirror effect, memory}. Word frequency, associations, presentation rate, concreteness, meaning, and imagery do not affect recognition memory and recall memory in same way, because some items are more and some less noticeable than others, and this affects recognition.
Perhaps, memory parts exist independently in long-term memory, and higher-order structures {scene, memory} assemble them.
Perhaps, memory organization uses non-conscious linked-data hierarchies {schema, memory}.
recall
People better remember things related to goals, plans, actions, beliefs, attitudes, moods, emotions, and expectations. They remember new, inconsistent, surprising, or changed events better.
Schemas more integrated with other schemas have better recall. Schema integration increases during development [Schank and Abelson, 1977] [Schank, 1997]. Memory strength depends on object and event relation to constructed schema [Schank and Abelson, 1977] [Schank, 1997].
amount
Memory holds maximum content amount, depending on schemas.
individuality
Different people use different schemas.
Perhaps, many life facets involve standardized behavior sequence {script, memory}. People develop habits through repeated same-type experiences. Scripts define events relative to whole, strengthen memories, infer missing information, point to episode memories, and predict future events. People expect events that match script and retain them more. People remove events that do not match from script, note them as exceptions, or modify script. Memories from scripts are indistinguishable subjectively from actual memories.
Perhaps, evolutionary models for self-redesigning or learning systems show how neural models can evolve themselves {selectionist theory} [Young, 1976] [Young, 1978].
Perhaps, people use background information and structure or situation types {situation model}, which have goals or reasons. Comprehension involves different processing levels. First, mind codes relations among items {surface code}. Then mind generates propositions {text base}.
Perhaps, mind represents body activities {somatic marker}. Reason and emotions work together to determine choices and actions.
Perhaps, stimuli are first encoded for sensory memory {stages model} {modal model}. If people attend to stimuli, they encode into short-term memory. From short-term memory, stimuli go into long-term memory. Items in short-term memory transfer to long-term memory by rehearsal, image forming, or association forming. Short-term memory can only hold up to seven items for up to 45 seconds. Short-term memory receives input from sensory memory.
Perhaps, memories {template storage memory} can compare input data to stored patterns to find match.
Perhaps, memories are representations. The simplest representations follow same memory rules as the most-complex representations. Perhaps, long-term memory has association networks or pairs {association} {associative model of memory}.
contiguity
In networks, associations can have different distances. If two images are near in space or time {contiguity principle, association}, they associate. Closeness increases association strength. Items farther apart have weaker associative links. Recall involves one associative link.
strength
Pair associations have different strengths. More repetitions increase association strength. Association recency increases association strength.
recall
Recall involves associative links. Mind recalls by moving from starting point name, list concept, environmental stimulus, or spatial position to first item and then to succeeding items, by following associative links to goals {target, recall}.
Associative links have different known types {labeled link, memory}, such as identity, similarity, and opposition.
In network, memory representations and associations can have language-like structure {propositional model} {statement model}, with subject and predicate. Associative links can be syntactical relations, such as "agent", "action", and "direct object". Associative links can be semantic or cognitive.
Perhaps, recall involves cue sets {compound cue model} for context, time, meaning, images, and concepts. First cue activates other memories from long-term memory, which then contribute to recall process. Memory does not use spreading activation.
Perhaps, cues activate specific features {content-addressable memory} {direct access}, not cluster or class.
Perhaps, conscious concept, feeling, or memory cues can activate identical or similar long-term-memory representations and so provide non-conscious access to memories {access, memory} {cueing model}. Pattern portions can trigger retrieval of rest of pattern. First memory sets pattern. Later patterns reinforce or change memory. Cues can place secondary cues in consciousness.
Perhaps, recall activates stored perceptual and semantic codes that interact with all other memory content. Recall interprets content to make meaningful response {dynamic reconstruction hypothesis}, using background and inferred information.
Perhaps, recalling one alternative erases other alternative from memory {erasure hypothesis, recall} {replacement hypothesis}. However, after leading suggestion, people can recall original memory, supporting the idea that both memories exist at same time and all memories are permanent {co-existence hypothesis, recall} [Loftus and Ketcham, 1994].
Perhaps, misleading semantic suggestions can affect stored memories and recall, by making original memory become contradiction and so causing inhibition {inhibition hypothesis}.
Perhaps, stimulus must match receptor to open memory {lock-and-key theory}. However, this process requires trying each key in each lock.
Perhaps, data has regularities, which activate rule, which is conditional statement {message and rule system theory}. Mind checks data to see if it matches condition.
Important nodes in memory structures can activate memory {Proust's principle} {Proust principle}.
Perhaps, memory stores information samples, and recall is memory reconstruction {reconstruction, memory}. Retrieval cues are the most-strongly encoded memory parts. Retrieved memories use information from stored representation and from related memories and current perceptions.
Perhaps, in spatial network, cue activates memory, and the memory activates another memory {spreading activation model}, until reaching target or losing activation because too far away or too long in time. Recall involves associative links.
Perhaps, phonological store and subvocal-rehearsal system form a feedback loop {articulatory loop} [Baddeley, 1986] [Baddeley, 1990].
Brain regions {phonological store} can represent sounds being remembered [Baddeley, 1986] [Baddeley, 1990].
Brain regions {subvocal rehearsal system} can rehearse information without actually producing sound. Subvocal rehearsal system is possibly where prearticulation happens. Rehearsing is always by sounds, not images [Baddeley, 1986] [Baddeley, 1990].
Perhaps, verbal information first enters sensory memory {two-code theory}. Attended sense qualities passively enter phonological store for up to two seconds. Non-conscious articulation recodes visual information into sound. It also can recycle sounds back into phonological store depending on capacity and other factors. Phonological store and articulation coding are short-term memory.
Perhaps, thinking has capacity {thinking capacity}. Optimum group size is three items.
Perhaps, mental function has only one information channel, which has maximum serial information-flow rate {capacity model of memory}. Channel is for both data processing and storage. If one increases, the other must decrease. Channel is for both semantic and syntactic processing. Poor readers with low information rate can use only one processing type, but good readers can use both simultaneously.
Perhaps, concepts or perceptions can be sets {chunk, capacity}| of previous concepts or perceptions. Chunk can contain several smaller chunks, by grouping in space or time {chunking} [Cowan, 2001] [Miller, 1956]. Number of chunks that people can keep in immediate memory is seven, plus or minus two. Chunking can synchronize information subsets into unit in time [Miller, 1962]. Bigger chunks can cause weaker memory. For example, longer vowel sounds reduce memory, because it takes longer to articulate items.
Perhaps, mind as whole has processing capacity, and modules have processing capacities {consolidation theory}.
People can recall approximately seven independent verbal items {chunk, memory}, such as digits, letters, syllables, or words, after hearing them once. Range is five to nine items {memory span}. Chunks are single meaningful symbols, so consonant series are not chunks. Number of verbal short-term-memory items inversely relates to remembering ease. If verbal short-term memory is full, a new item causes immediate forgetting of a previous item.
Perhaps, mind transforms information flowing through communication channels, so memory has limited capacity {mental capacity}. Content in short-term memory decays but can go to long-term memory if rehearsed.
Perhaps, immediate memory has seven registers {slot theory}. People remember fewer items if items are similar or complex.
Perhaps, working memory is long-term-memory activated part {activation model of memory}.
Perhaps, attention selects one information channel at time, which has maximum serial information-flow rate {structural model of memory}. Working memory has several subsystems and controllers. One is phonological loop and has no semantic component. Another is visuo-spatial sketchpad and has no semantic component. Subsystems do not interfere with each other. Subsystems have subsystems. During learning, controllers are active, but, after learning, controller use is small.
Working memory stores images, such as faces and scenes [Baddeley, 1986] [Baddeley, 1990] [Baddeley, 2000]. Working-memory subsystems {visuospatial sketchpad} {visuo-spatial sketchpad} can be for visual and spatial information and have no semantic components. Perhaps, visuo-spatial sketchpad has passive color and shape processing and active location processing.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225