Innate behaviors triggered by another individual, or several individuals in preference order, lead to affection bonds {attachment behavior} {bonding}|.
biology
The young of all mammals have attachment. In humans, attachment behavior develops during the first nine months and can happen until end of third year. Children typically have special relation to adult, which is an innate response to stimulation by adult. Different emotions accompany attachment beginning, maintenance, disruption, and renewal.
Children develop schema for adult face at 3 to 4 months old. Later, face and feelings generalize to other people, who can then receive affection.
properties
Attachment causes pleasant feelings.
properties: care
Behavior goal is to receive care from others. Care-giving behavior from one person terminates attachment behavior in other person.
properties: location
If children know attached-person location, children do not show attachment behavior and explore environment instead.
properties: time
Attachments last many years.
causes
Connections between individuals develop because people reduce basic drives by such connections. Strangeness, hunger, fatigue, and anything frightening can activate attachment process.
purposes
Attachment protects young from predators and allows safe environment exploration.
factors
Learning to distinguish familiar from strange is main factor in attachment development. Conversation, rewards, and punishments have small importance.
factors: contact
Attachment behavior typically is between child and parent interacting in close physical contact, in supportive and comforting environment.
Continuing behavior despite fear requires courage {courage}|. Courage can be recklessness or stubbornness if activity has little value. People can learn to control subjective fear or achieve a fearlessness state. Preparing people to do dangerous jobs requires practice in actual tasks.
Apprehension {fear}| has associated physiological changes and/or behavior to avoid or escape specific and real danger in outside world.
biology
Fears can be innate.
causes
Traumatic stimulation, repeated subtraumatic situations {sensitization, fear}, direct or indirect fear-behavior observation, and fear-provoking information can cause fear. Fear ends after removing or avoiding stimulus.
therapy
Therapy can reduce fear directly, as in behavior therapy. Therapy can reduce fear by modifying causes, as in psychoanalysis. Therapy can reduce fear by desensitizing, flooding, or modeling.
After death, divorce, or crime, people experience feelings of loss {grief}|.
causes
Separation causes search for loved person or object. Grief is search frustration. Grief is over lost thing itself, not about symbolic significance.
factors: guilt
Grief does not associate with guilt.
stages
People go through stages when recovering from loss, death, or divorce. Stages are denial of loss, anger at God or other people, despair at low hope or bad life, and acceptance of fate and of consequences.
expression
People that do not express feelings can suffer delayed or distorted grief. Religious ceremonies about death allow expressions of sorrow, in all cultures.
Happiness {happiness}| strongly correlates with income and wealth.
causes
People can attain happiness in three ways.
One is to help other people. This gives satisfaction that world is becoming better. It also provides warm human contact. It makes the helper feel good.
Another is to do something creative. This can involve arts, such as music, painting, sculpture, and writing, but it can also be making new software, products, and inventions. Creative work keeps mind and hands busy at productive and constructive tasks. It also allows one new imagination and delight. It can also provide insights into nature and people.
The third is to love and have love. This means deep mutually shared love based on strong emotion and cognition. However, everyone knows it is also exciting and fun to meet someone new, have crescendo of sexual and warm feelings, and fall in love.
needs
Perhaps, these factors also meet human needs. Humans need another's touch, in hugs and embraces. They need to have freedom and telling stories, to experience the creative. They need to have meaning in their lives, which translates into how they deal with other people.
Something disgusting and negative, such as mutilated bodies, can cause a feeling {horror, emotion}|.
Fun {joy}| can depend on exploration and self-stimulation.
Sexual attraction, flirtation, and companionship {love}| are common love types in all societies. Obsession, self-sacrifice, and convenience are rare in all societies.
love
Strong sexual and aesthetic attraction involves one person, high intimacy, feeling of merging, need to know all about other person, and need to serve. Love is sexual attraction, affection, friendship, and desire for beauty in another, sometimes with power and control.
flirting
Flirtation or play involves several people, low dependence, low strength, and no attachment.
friendship
Friendship or companionship involves stable relationship, low passion, and emphasis on home and children.
obsession
Obsession involves jealousy, possessiveness, despair, and ecstasy.
devotion
Self-sacrificing devotion involves patience, low jealousy, love, caring, and no need for return of love.
compatibility
Compatibility and convenience involve rules based on mutual interests and needs.
People can have uncontrollable fear {panic}| in response to repetitive or imminent danger.
People often feel rushed, harassed, or overwhelmed by demands {stress, emotion}|. Environment often blocks people's will.
causes
Noise, smell, monotonous work, excessive information flow, or interpersonal conflict can cause stress.
effects: illness
Stress can cause myocardial infarction, high blood pressure, gastro-intestinal disorders, asthma, and migraine.
effects: escape
Stress can cause escape from situation.
effects: aggression
Stress can cause aggression.
effects: apathy
Stress can cause state with little emotion, listlessness, preoccupation with self, and detachment from environment.
effects: regression
Stress can cause regression to earlier life stages.
effects: fixation
Stress can initiate old, stereotyped response to new stimulus, such as obsessive or compulsive actions.
effects: withdrawal
Stress can lower one's aspirations, cause escape to fantasy, or result in not thinking about or acting on situations.
effects: projection
Stress can cause illogical action, attributed to another's orders.
effects: denial
Stress can cause denial of, or minimization of, stress.
effects: suppression
Stress can cause people to forget the problem, to try to be calm, or to reassure themselves.
effects: biology
In response to stress, sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline, and pituitary and adrenal glands secrete cortisol.
factors
Stress increases with fear, dependency, and weakness.
factors: age
People learn some stress responses as early as infancy.
factors: arousal
Both low and excess stimulation affect arousal.
People can have thwarted desires, intentions, hopes, plans, and projects {suffering, emotion}|. There are degrees of suffering. Mind is necessary to have suffering, because suffering depends on expectations and desires. Ability to reason and ability to suffer differ but relate. Animals that are smart enough to suffer include horse, dog, apes, elephants, and dolphins, because they can do something about conditions that make them suffer.
People can have specific fear that evil events or actions are going to happen {terror}|. Terror relates to trembling.
6-Psychology-Cognition-Emotion
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Date Modified: 2022.0225