Herbart J

When1:  1806

When2:  1841

Who:    Johann Friedrich Herbart [Herbart, Johann Friedrich]

What:   philosopher/educator

Where:  Germany

works\  Universal Pedagogy [1806]; Textbook of Psychology [1816]; Psychology as Science [1825]; Psychological Investigations [1840]; Outlines of Some Lectures on Pedagogy [1841]

Detail: He lived 1776 to 1841.

Epistemology

Ideas are active and compete to become consciousness. Ideas have intensity, which they can lose through tension. After losing intensity, idea becomes unconscious and becomes impulse. This is how feeling and will arise.

Psychology is mechanics of ideas. Associational psychology is not true, because it makes mind faculties real and basic.

Understanding cannot produce or create, so space, time, and categories all derive from experience. They cannot mold experience. Consciousness uses concepts from experience and has no transcendental logic. Consciousness is aware of matter, which is appearance created when Reals interact, as sense qualities. Consciousness is not aware of inner states of Reals.

Something that contradicts itself cannot be real. To know reality, people must take concepts known by experience and use relation method to find what has no contradiction.

Ethics

Morals are part of aesthetics. People's aesthetic Ideas give them ability to judge or estimate. All mental relations have feelings of pain or pleasure, which judge relations aesthetically and morally. Ethical Ideas used for judging are freedom, affection, right, benevolence, and equity.

Metaphysics

Universe has many things-in-themselves or independent elements {Real}, which are simple and unchangeable. Reals interact with or influence {disturb, Herbart} each other, causing their inner states, not necessarily conscious, which are for self-preservation. Reals are like physical units of a causally interacting machine, which has interaction laws. Matter is appearance created when Reals interact.

Mind

Souls are Reals, with Ideas as inner states. Ideas disturb each other, making tension and resulting in mental activities and states. Self is activity in which new perceptions and ideas meet previous ones and assimilate.

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Date Modified: 2022.0224