When1: 1862
When2: 1889
Who: Franz Brentano [Brentano, Franz]
What: philosopher
Where: Germany/Austria/Italy
works\ Several Senses of Being in Aristotle [1862]; Psychology of Aristotle [1867]; Psychology from the Empirical Standpoint [1871]; Descriptive Psychology [1874]; Origin of Our Knowledge of Right and Wrong [1889]
Detail: He lived 1838 to 1917.
Epistemology
Psychology is about mental states, which can be mental/intentional or physical/sensational.
Phenomena are physical, such as color, cold, sound, smell, or mental, such as presentations from senses or imagination, emotion, judgment. Physical phenomena require object. Like language, mental phenomena can reference objects in thought {intentionality, Brentano} and can be conscious or unconscious. The mental is about something else.
However, some conscious states are not representational, and some representations are not conscious.
Awareness relates to objects and events external to people and their awareness, so awareness has intentionality. Subjective experiences refer to perceptions or mental ideas, independent of their external objects. Intention objects can also be selves {psychological immanentism}.
All and only mental phenomena have intentionality {irreducibility thesis}. Mental states are always intentional {Brentano's thesis} {aboutness}.
However, sensations seem not to be about something else.
Mental states are intentional states {propositional attitude, Brentano}. All intentional states are intentional, but not vice versa. Intentional states causally relate to their objects, including non-existing objects.
Consciousness acts are constitutive powers of self and are subjective experiences. Intuition can describe all subjective experience. Subjective experiences have classes {act psychology} {descriptive phenomenology} {phenomenognosis} that find causal relations between phenomena.
Intentionality grounds object concepts.
Emotions and judgments use presentation with acts of judging or emoting.
Mind
Mental is personal and self-referencing. Mental phenomena cannot be physical phenomena.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224