When1: 1876
When2: 1914
Who: Francis Herbert Bradley [Bradley, Francis Herbert]
What: philosopher
Where: England
works\ Ethical Studies [1876]; Principles of Logic [1883]; Appearance and Reality [1893]; Essays on Truth and Reality [1914]
Detail: He lived 1846 to 1924 and was utilitarian and Idealist.
Epistemology
Appearance has many objects in many relations. Relations can be independent of objects, be aspects of objects, or be parts of whole system.
People experience the whole through appearances. Experience continually revises knowledge systems, and statements are revisable {coherence theory of knowledge}.
Judgments assign predicates to reality.
People have direct knowledge only of perceptions and can build descriptions and conclusions about reality from them. Logic itself is such conclusion and is mental system.
Ethics
Morality must provide people with unity, understanding, and goal for self {self-realization}. Pleasure seeking does not supply goals. Kantian duty or rationality assigns role to self but not goal. Hegelian morality provides only duties in context of society and history.
People should try to realize their best self {ideal morality}, using everyone's pleasures, all duties, all societies, and analysis and reasoning about them.
Metaphysics
True reality is mental, eternal, self-experiencing, unified, and Absolute.
Mind
People are parts of the Absolute. The Absolute only appears to people in certain forms or appearances.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224