When1: 1300
When2: 1430
Who: Terminism
What: philosophic school
Where: Europe
Detail: School {Terminism} included William Durandus (Durand of St. Pourcain), Petrus Aureolus (Peter Auriol), William of Ockham, John of Jandun, Jean Buridan, Marsilius of Inghen in Netherlands, Pierre d'Ailly (Petrus de Alliaco), Johannes Gersen (Charlier), Marsiglio (Marsilius of Padua), Nicolas d'Oreame, Nicholas of Autrecourt, Albert of Saxony in Germany, Gabriel Biel, Stauptz, Nathan, and Henry of Hainbuch. It developed from Nominalism and opposed Realism of Thomism and Scotism.
Epistemology
Concepts are subjective signs or symbols for objective individual things {first intention term} {term of first intention}. Object signs are natural and real, because they are about objects. Universals are not things but are the way people can understand objects. Abstract knowledge has no objects and can be object-idea signs or symbols and signs of signs {second intention term} {term of second intention}. Signs of signs are personal, relative, and arbitrary, because they derive from people's ideas.
Rational knowledge depends on object signs, not on objects themselves, and so depends on experience, not deduction. It is necessary to go beyond rational knowledge to know true reality and God.
Ideas derived from other ideas are either about relations between ideas {logical idea} or about object relations {rational idea}.
Human nature can know both types of signs and relations.
Politics
State is about temporal world, and church is about spiritual world. God does not ordain state. The state is an agreement among individuals for their interests. Human race does not exist as whole.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224