When1: 1824
Who: Maine de Biran or Marie Francois-Pierre-Gonthier de Biran [Biran, Marie Francois-Pierre-Gonthier de]
What: philosopher
Where: Paris, France
works\ New Considerations on Reports of Physical Effects on Human Morals [1824]; Essay on the Foundations of Psychology [1824]
Detail: He lived 1766 to 1824 and developed spiritualism.
Epistemology
People have methods, such as will and belief, to know their inner states {inner sense} {inner light}. Methods also allow knowledge of outside world. Perception is thus activity.
Will is not one object but is mental acts. Will operations relate terms. One term is active self. The other term is action performed. Effort exerted senses relation, and mind immediately introspects willed efforts, especially muscular efforts. Will's physiological fact and psychological fact correspond symbolically. People cannot act deliberately without knowing what they are doing. Reason and will, and action and cognition, cannot separate.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224