When1: 1928
When2: 1967
Who: Rudolf Carnap [Carnap, Rudolf]
What: mathematician
Where: Austria
works\ Logical Structure of the World [1928]; Unity of Science [1932]; Logical Syntax of Language [1934]; Meaning and Necessity [1947]; Introduction to Semantics [1947]; Logical Foundations of Probability [1950]; Philosphical Foundations of Physics: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science [1966]
Detail: He lived 1891 to 1970, was in Vienna Circle, and was logical positivist. In logic, under Frege, he studied inductive logic, quantum logic, and number definition and developed a stronger conditional {L-implication}.
Epistemology
People record observations {protocol sentence} to assess hypotheses. Starting from memories of personal-experience similarities, people can construct and so verify all knowledge, except some physics concepts. People use evidence inductively, to check hypothesis {confirmation} by comparison, classification, or quantification and find probability. Inductive logic involves probability.
Logical analysis requires language structures and semantics, such as logic and modal logic. Logical axioms are useful conventions.
Names do not denote unique objects but depend on context {method of extension and intention} {extension and intention method}.
Language has distinct semantic features {material mode} and formal or syntactical features {formal mode}. All philosophical problems are syntactical. Using syntax can clarify definitions and statements and put them in forms in which meaning is clear and people can determine truth. Using this approach, philosophical problems can be solvable or prove to be insoluble {explication, Carnap}.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224