Languages {language family} derived from proto-languages in different regions. Japanese, Korean, Andamanese, Bithynia, Cappadocia, Crete, Cyprus, Elam, Etruria, Lydia, Sumeria, North Australian, and South Australian aboriginal languages do not relate to other languages. Korean and Japanese languages are similar to Altaic and Turkish.
mixed European languages {Esperanto language}.
Afro-Asiatic {Afro-Asiatic language family}, in north Africa and Arabia, includes Semitic languages in Arabia and five other branches in north Africa.
Bantu {Bantu language family} started in east Nigeria and Cameroon in west Africa [-3000] and spread to equatorial and south Africa, and includes Swahili in east Africa, Zulu in southeast Africa, Congo, Luba-Lulua, Luganda or Ganda, Nyanja or Nyasa, Kafir, and 80 to 100 more languages. In Bantu classificatory languages, nouns have classes, and noun classes have prefixes, which precede all words associated with noun.
Hamito-Semitic {Hamito-Semitic language family}, in Arabia and northwest Africa, includes Semitic and Hamitic.
Semitic
Semitic includes East Semitic and West Semitic. East Semitic includes only Akkadian. West Semitic includes Southern Semitic and Northern Semitic.
Southern Semitic includes North Arabic, South Arabic, and Ethiopic. Ethiopic includes Ethiopic or Ge'ez, Tigrina or Tigray, Tigie, Amharis, Atgobba, Gafat, Gurage, and Harani.
Northern Semitic includes Maltese, Canaanite, and Aramaic. Canaanite includes Hebrew, Phoenican, and Moabite. Aramaic includes Eastern Aramaic and Western Aramaic. Eastern Aramaic includes Syriac in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran; extinct Babylonian Judeo-Aramaic; Mandaean; and Harranian. Western Aramaic includes extinct Old Aramaic, Biblical Aramaic, Palestinian Aramaic, and Samaritan.
Hamitic
Hamitic includes Egyptian, Libyo-Berber, and Kushitic. Egyptian includes Egyptian and Coptic. Libyo-Berber includes Berber and extinct Libyan. Berber includes Tuareg, Kabyl, Shluh, Zenaga, Zenete, and extinct Guanehe. Kushitic includes Somali and Galla in Ethiopia. Perhaps, Kushitic belongs to Afro-Asiatic language family.
Hottentot-Bushman or Khoin {Hottentot-Bushman language family}, in southwest Africa, includes Nama or Hottentot and San or Bushman.
Khoisan {Khoisan language family}, in south Africa, includes Khoi, San, Hadza, and Sandawe in Tanzania.
Niger-Congo {Niger-Congo language family}, in west-central Africa, includes Nigerian and Congan languages as one branch and Bantu as eastern branch. Xhosa is in south Africa.
Nilo-Saharan {Nilo-Saharan language family}, in upper Nile River and Sahara Desert in Africa, includes Ethiopian, Libyan, and west Sahara languages.
Sudanese-Guinean {Sudanese-Guinean language family}, in central and west-central Africa, includes Ewe in Togoland and Gold Coast, Efik, Hausa in Sudan and Nigeria, Mandingo, Mende, Masai, Nubian, Twi, Yoruba, Fon in Dahomey, Ibo or Bo in southeast Nigeria, and Ubangi. Ubangi includes Banda, Mitlu, and Zande.
Americas languages {Americas languages} are in Central, North, and South America.
Mayan {Mayan language family} includes Mayan.
Zapotec {Zapotec language family} includes Zapotec.
Algonquian {Algonquian language family}, in north USA, includes Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Hitwan or Californian Algonquian, Central Algonquian, and Eastern Algonquian. Central Algonquian includes Fox, Illinois, Kickapoo, Miami, Menomini, Montagnais, Ojibway or Chippewa, Sank, Potawatomi, Shawnee, and Cree.
Athapascan {Athapascan language family}, in west-central USA, includes Apache-Navajo, Dene, and Hupa-Matole.
Hokan {Hokan language family} was in California.
Iroquois {Iroquois language family}, in northeast USA, includes Iroquois, Cherokee, Huron or Wyandot, Tuscarora, Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca.
Muskogee {Muskogee language family}, in southeast USA, includes Muskogee or Creek, Choctaw, and Seminole.
Na-Dene {Na-Dene language family}, in Alaska, northwest Canada, and southwest USA, includes Dene.
Natchez-Muskogean {Natchez-Muskogean language family}, in southeast USA, includes Muskogee or Creek, Choctaw, and Seminole. Perhaps, it is in Amerind language family.
Perhaps, Oto-Manguean {Oto-Manguean language family}, in Mexico and southwest USA, is in Amerind language family.
Penutian {Penutian language family} was in California.
Shoshonean {Shoshonean language family}, in south USA and north Mexico, includes Shoshone, Comanche, Pueblo, and Ute. Perhaps, it is in Uto-Aztecan family.
Sioux {Sioux language family}, in Minnesota, Nebraska, and Dakotas in USA, includes Assiniboin, Biloxi, Crow, Dakota, Iowa, Kansas, Katawba, Mandan, Missouri, Ogalala, Omaha, Osage, Oto, Ponka, Teton, Wahpeton, Winnebago, and Yankton.
Uto-Aztecan {Uto-Aztecan language family}, in Mexico and west USA, includes extinct Aztec or Nahuatl. Perhaps, it is in Amerind language family.
Yukian {Yukian language family} was in California.
Araucan {Araucan language family}, in Chile, includes Araucan.
Arawak {Arawak language family}, in Caribbean and northwest South America, includes extinct Arawak. Perhaps, it is in Amerind language family.
Aymara {Aymara language family}, in Ecuador and Bolivia, includes Aymara.
Carib {Carib language family}, in Caribbean, includes Carib. Carib replaced Arawak.
Quechua or Kechua {Quechua language family}, in Peru, includes Inca.
Tupi-Guarani {Tupi-Guarani language family}, in Brazil and Paraguay, includes Tupi in Brazil and Guarani in Paraguay.
Asia languages {Asia languages} are in Caucasia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Balto-Slavic or Slavic {Balto-Slavic language family}, Indo-European language in east Europe, includes East Slavic, West Slavic, and South Slavic. East Slavic includes Russian or Great Russian, Ukrainian or Little Russian, and White Russian. West Slavic includes Polish, Lithuanian, Lettish or Latvian, Czech, Lusatian or Wend or Sorbian, Kaszub, and extinct Polabian. South Slavic includes Slovak, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Slovene, Church Slavonic or Old Bulgarian or Old Slavonic, and extinct Old Slavic.
Celtic {Celtic language family}, Indo-European language in England, includes Goidelic, Brythonic, and extinct Gaulish. Goidelic includes Irish or Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, and Manx. Brythonic includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish.
Germanic or Teutonic {Germanic language family}, Indo-European language in Germany, includes West Germanic, North Germanic, and East Germanic. West Germanic includes Dutch, German, Flemish, Afrikaans, and Anglo-Friscian. Anglo-Friscian includes English and has Friscian in Netherlands. North Germanic includes Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, and Gotlandic or Gutnian. East Germanic includes extinct Gothic, Burgundian, and Vandal.
Proto-Germanic and other Indo-European languages {Germanic sound shift} separated before 1. High German and Low German separated from -100 to 800.
Iberian {Iberian language family}, in Spain, includes Basque and extinct Aquitanian.
Indo-European languages {Indo-European language family} started in Ukraine and Anatolia, near Black Sea and Caucasus Mountains, as Proto-Indo-European [-4000] and had same complexity as current languages. Indo-European has inflection, is synthetic, and has three genders.
Indo-European includes Germanic, Italic, Indo-Iranian, Celtic, Balto-Slavic, extinct Thraco-Phrygian, extinct Hittite, Greek, Albanian, Illyrian, Tokharian in Chinese Turkestan, Armenian, North Caucasian, and South Caucasian.
Proto-Indo-European has two main branches.
branch: 4000 years ago
Hittite and Luvian [-2000] came directly from one Proto-Indo-European branch.
branch: 5200 years ago
Tocharian A and Tocharian B [-500] branched [-3500] from the other Proto-Indo-European branch.
Later branch [-3200] branched [-2500] into Welsh and Old Irish [-500] and into Latin [-1000] and Umbrian and Oscan [-500].
Later branch [-3000 to -2500] branched [-2000] into Albanian and into Gothic [1] and later Old English and Old High German [500]. Later branch [-3000] branched [-1800] into Ancient Greek and Classical Armenian. Later branch [-2500] branched [-1800] into Vedic and Old Persian and into Prussian [1000] and Latvian and Lithuanian [1300].
Indo-Iranian {Indo-Iranian language family}, Indo-European language in Iran and India, includes Iranian and Indic.
Iranian
Iranian includes Iranian or Farsi or Persian, Urdu, Kurdesh, Pushtu or Afgani, Ossetic, Baluchi, extinct Avestan, Khotanese, and Old Sakian.
Indic
Indic includes Apabhramsa, Hindustani, Bengali, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Bhili, Khandesi, Assamese, Sinhalese in Ceylon, Kashmiri, Nepali or Gurkhali, Romani or Gypsy, Gujarati, Oriya, Sindhi, Pahari in lower Himalayas, Marathi, Bihari, and extinct Old Indic or Sanskrit.
Hindustani includes Urdu and Hindi.
Hindi includes Western or standard Hindi and Eastern Hindi.
Marathi includes Konkani dialect.
Bihari includes Bhojpuri, Maithili, and Magahi.
scripts
India has 14 major languages. Urdu and Kashmiri use modified Arabic scripts. Hindi, Sanskrit, and Marathi use Devanagari script. Punjabi uses Gurmukhi script. Bengali uses Bengali script. Script symbols can be syllables.
Italic {Italic language family}, Indo-European language in Italy, includes Latino-Faliscan, Osco-Umbrian, and Sabellian. Latino-Faliscan includes Latin. Latin includes Romance languages West Romance and East Romance. West Romance includes French, North Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Provençal, Sardinian, and Rumansch or Rhetian. East Romance includes Romanian, South Italian, and extinct Dalmatian. Osco-Umbrian includes Oscan and Umbrian. Sabellian includes Marsian, Sabine, and Volscian.
North Caucasian {North Caucasian language family}, Indo-European language in Caucasus, includes Eastern Caucasian or Checheno-Lesghian and Western Caucasian or Abasgo-Kerketian.
South Caucasian or K'art'velian or K'art'uli'ena {South Caucasian language family}, Indo-European language in Caucasus, includes Georgian, Laz, Mingrelian, and Svanian.
Thraco-Phyrgian {Thraco-Phyrgian language family}, Indo-European language in north Greece, includes extinct Thracian, extinct Old Phyrgian, and extinct New Phrygian.
Dravidian {Dravidian language family}, started in India [-2000], includes Tamil-Kurukh, Kui-Gondi, Telugu in east and southeast India, and Brahui. Tamil-Kurukh includes Tamil in Ceylon and south India, Malayaan, Tulu, Kurukh, and Kanarese. Kui-Gondi includes Kui, Gondi, Bhili, Kolimi, and Naiki.
Elamo-Dravidian {Elamo-Dravidian language family}, started in Iran [-6000] and then went to India, includes Elamite and Dravidian.
Man {Man language family}, in north Burma, southwest China, and north Indochina, includes Man.
Ural-Altaic or Turanian {Ural-Altaic language family}, started in Ural Mountains [1000] and includes Finno-Ugrian or Uralic and Altaic.
Ural
Finno-Ugrian or Uralic includes Finnish-Lapponic, Ugric, Ob-Ugrian, Permian, and Samoyedic. Finnish-Lapponic includes Lapp, Cheremiss, Mordvin, Finnish, Estonian, Karelian, Ingrian, Livonian, Ludian or Ludish, Olonetzian, Vepsian, and Votian. Ugric includes Hungarian or Magyar. Hungarian reached Hungary [892], from Ural Mountains. Ob-Ugrian includes Ostyak and Vogal. Permian includes Votyak and Zyrican. Samoyedic includes Samoyed, Yurak, Kamessian, and Tugvy.
Altaic
Altaic includes Turkish, Manchu-Tungus, and Mongol. Altaic [1000 to 1300] came from central Asia steppes to Europe and Turkey. Turkish includes Eastern Turkish or Altaic, Western Turkish, Central Turkish, and Southern Turkish. Eastern Turkish or Altaic includes Altaic, Abakan, Baraba, Karagas, Soyonian, Uighur, and Tartar. Western Turkish includes Bashkir, Chuvash, Irtysh, and Kirghiz. Central Turkish includes Chagatai, Kashgar, Sart, Taranchi, Uzbeg, and Yarkand. Southern Turkish includes Osmanli, Azerbaijani, Anatolian, Balkar, Kumik, and Turkoman. Manchu-Tungus includes Manchu and Tungus. Mongol includes Western Mongol, Northern Mongol, Eastern Mongol, Tangut, Shara, Afghan Mongol, and Yakut. Western Mongol includes Kalmuk. Northern Mongol includes Buryat. Eastern Mongol includes Khalkha.
Eskimo-Aleut {Eskimo-Aleut language family}, in Arctic northeast Asia and northwest North America, includes Eskimo and Aleut.
Hyperborean or Paleo-Asiatic {Hyperborean language family}, in northeast Asia, includes Chukchi-Kamchadal, Ainu, and Gilyak. Ainu and Gilyak do not relate to Chukchi-Kamchadal, except by location. Chukchi-Kamchadal includes Chukchi, Kamchadal, and Koryak.
Miao-Yao or Hmong-Mien {Miao-Yao language family}, started in China and Vietnam [-1000], includes Red Miao, White or Striped Miao, Black Miao, Green or Blue Miao, and Yao. Spread from south China over southeast Asia. Vietnamese Hmong speak it.
Sino-Tibetan or Indochinese {Sino-Tibetan language family} started in China [-4000], spread from north China to south China and southeast Asia, and includes Chinese, Tibeto-Burmese, Lo-lo-Bodo-Naga-Kachin, extinct Pyu, and Thai or Tai-Kadai [-1000 to 1500].
Chinese
Chinese includes written Wen-li, national standard Kuo-yu, North Mandarin in Beijing, Wu along Yangtse river, Chinese, Cantonese or Yueh in Kwangtung, and Min in Fukien.
Burma
Tibeto-Burmese includes Tibeto-Himalayan and Arakan-Burmese. Tibeto-Himalayan includes Tibetan or Bhotian, literary Balti, and Himalayan. Himalayan includes Toto, Lepcha or Kong, and Gurung. Arakan-Burmese includes Arakanese, Burmese or Maghi, Kuki-Chin, and Old Kuki.
Kachin
Lo-lo-Bodo-Naga-Kachin includes Lo-lo-Mo-so, Kachine or Singhpho, and Naga-Kuki. Lo-lo-Mo-so includes Lo-lo and Mo-so.
Thai
Thai includes Siamese, Karen in Burma, and Shan dialects. Shan or Siamese includes Khamti, Lao Lu, Khun, and Ahom. Alternatively, Tai-Kadai includes Thai and Laotian.
Austro-Asiatic or Southeast Asiatic {Austro-Asiatic language family}, started in southeast Asia and India [-3000], includes Mon-Khmer, Annamese-Muong, and Munda or Kolarian. It spread from southeast China over southeast Asia and India. Mon-Khmer includes Khmer or Cambodian, Mon, and Cham. Annamese-Muong includes Annamese or Vietnamese and Muong. Munda or Kolarian includes North Munda and South Munda.
Austronesian {Austronesian language family}, in South Pacific Islands [-3000], has mainly Malayo-Polynesian, as well as Melanesian, Micronesian, and Indonesian or Malayan language families. Austronesian has three other families on Taiwan, which spread from Taiwan to Indonesia and Polynesia.
Polynesian
Polynesian is in Hawaii, Samoa, and Tahiti, and among New-Zealand Maori. Bali is in Bali. Batak is in Samoa. Buginese is in Celebes. Dayak is in Borneo. Malagasy is in Malagasy. Malay is in Malaysia. Sundanese is in Sundan Islands. Javanese is in Java. Indonesian is in Indonesia. Tagalog is in Philippines. Bicol, Bontok, Ilocano, Macassar, and Maduran are other Polynesian languages. Western Malayo-Polynesian and Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian also exist. Language similar to Manyan is in Madagascar.
Melanesian
Melanesian is in Fiji, Solomon, and New Hebrides.
Micronesian
Micronesian is in Caroline, Gilbert, Marshall, Marianne, and Yap.
Indonesian
Indonesian or Malayan includes Bisaya or Visaya in Philippines and Formosan in Taiwan.
Papuan {Papuan language family}, in New Guinea, Bougainville, and New Britain includes Papuan.
Tasmanian {Tasmanian language family}, in Tasmania, is extinct.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225