Social science {linguistics} can be about grammar, symbolism, writing systems, and language families. Linguistic levels are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and discourse representation theory. Basic linguistic units are sounds, letters, hand signals, or electronic waves. Higher units are syllables, words, and sentences.
Language meaning, truth, or use depends on context {contextualism} {token-reflexiveness} {externalism, linguistics}.
Language dialects and nearby languages vary continuously with distance {comparative linguistics}.
Linguistics is descriptive {descriptive linguistics}, because no language is pure, correct, or unchanging. Languages have patterns.
Languages have common elements {interlinguistics}. Language classes can use structural features {linguistic typology} or evolutionary features. Different languages have different grammars. All peoples have complex spoken language. Languages tend to maximize efficiency and clarity.
Communicating {communication, linguistics} can be verbal or non-verbal.
verbal
Verbal communication involves volume, intonation, enunciation, pace, stress, and tone.
non-verbal
Non-verbal communication involves eye contact; smiling, frowning, and other facial expressions; body language; gestures; and speaker-listener proximity.
purposes
Communication conveys information, along channels, from one system part to another, to trigger receiving-part action based on sending-part state. Communication can induce behavior, facilitate behavior, imitate, monitor, organize, recognize, announce status, beg for food, offer food, conciliate, bond, groom, invite to groom, alarm, signal distress, assemble, recruit, lead, incite to hunt, synchronize hatching, initiate migration, invite to play, initiate work, threaten, submit, appease, relieve sentinel, advertise for sex, court, sexual bond, copulate, announce post-copulation, inhibit reproduction, and inhibit castes.
signals
Society members continually communicate using signals. Signals are specific information, do not change meaning, and are about immediate events. Signals are reflex responses to stimuli. Signals are not symbols.
symbols
Mammals and birds have 10 to 40 different signals, such as danger and location calls, courtship rituals and displays, grooming, group or family signals, and personal communication between individuals. Primates and humans have 150 to 200 non-linguistic symbols, such as facial expressions. Animal communications repeat. Behavior, display, and signal redundancy and ritualization increase communication efficiency. Animals can use opposite signals, such as high or low and loud or soft, for opposite intentions or behavior. Animals can modify signals in different contexts. Only humans deliberately rearrange signals.
animals
Bird and mammal vocalizations indicate language phylogeny and ontogeny, some homologous and some analogous {homoplastic}. Bird and mammal vocalizations are for anti-predator behavior for groups. Animal languages seem to be involuntary responses. Groups can pay attention to same object or event, such as predators, and tune responses.
Parrots can mimic but respond to objects only by association. Mammals have communication systems, but they have limited grammar and meaning [Mithen, 1996]. Apes know only associations, not word meanings. Apes cannot make sentences or word phrases and cannot understand spoken phrases or sentences. The bonobo Kanzi used and understood 150 words, typically to express desires or refer to present objects. Its word learning was instrumental association, with no grammar. Perhaps, it was not referential [Savage-Rumbaugh, 1986]. All primate societies have vocal signals. For example, gibbons have 12 standardized, meaningful calls [Premack, 1986] [Premack and Premack, 2003].
evolution
Language evolved separately from culture, cognition, and thought, because language does not explain most mental functions. Cognitive and reflex functions build together. Brain modules mix functions.
errors
Speech errors typically substitute one phonological distinctive feature for another.
Faces and bodies can express information about feelings and thoughts {mental state expression}. All mental states are complex, regardless of expression complexity.
Languages have stock phrases and expressions {phattic communication, linguistics}, to further social relations and politeness.
Playful animals send signals {play signal} that indicate intention to play.
Vocalizations can refer to object or event categories {reference, communication}. Signals can imitate referents {mimetic reference, communication}. Signs or signals, such as alarm calls, can indicate referents {proxy reference, communication}. Signals, such as category words, can bring referents to mind without causing responses {conceptual reference, communication}.
Speaker communities {speech community} use same communication system.
Sentence sounds can interchange {spoonerism}|.
Using body angles and movements {body language} can synchronize with words spoken or heard. Body language does not use visual imitation. Synchronization is the same for friends and strangers.
People can communicate by gestures {pasimology}.
Speakers can alter distance to listeners {proximity}.
Verbal communication involves speech clarity {enunciation, speaking}.
Verbal communication involves pitch range {intonation, speaking}.
Verbal communication involves voice speed {pace, speaking}.
Verbal communication involves voice emphasis {stress, speaking}.
Verbal communication involves voice emotion {tone, speaking}.
Verbal communication involves voice loudness {volume, speaking}.
Languages have pattern or syntax sets {langue}.
Languages have actual word expression {parole, speech}.
Language is for social situations and can persuade, question, declare, and order {pragmatics, linguistics}|. Social situations determine sentence forms. Narrations use phrase sequences. Relations use nested and inverted phrases. Metaphors and models relate relations.
The most-common words are shortest. Logarithm of word frequency versus word length is a straight line with slope one {Zipf's law} {Zipf law}.
Speaking, listening, reading, and writing {language}| use grammar and convey meaning. Language relates to mind, meaning, implications {implicature}, purposes, contexts, rules, social situations {pragmatics, language}, and physical world. Language syntactic and logical structures differ from generating and understanding language. Language has motives or intentions, carries information in a stable semantic system, and uses phonemic/phonetic/phonological, lexical, and syntactic codes. Reciprocal communications aid cooperation and define societies. Communication is necessary for social behavior. Communication changes behavior probabilities in other species members, in adaptive ways. Languages and tools have subtask hierarchies.
grammar and semantics
Language involves following rules and thinking rationally. Societies have common languages and thinking. Linguistic units have contexts and rules. Rules differ at phonological, syntactical, grammatical, and meaning levels. Semantic relations are more important than grammatical, which are more important than phonological.
primary language
Spoken language {primary language} always comes before written language. Writing systems depend on spoken-language units. Written language typically does not affect spoken language.
aspects
Externalized language {E-Language} is actual spoken words about concepts. Internalized language {I-Language} is coded brain information for concepts.
number of languages
There have been 4500 to 7000 languages, with many in Africa. Jungles have isolated regions and so many languages.
purposes
Language refers to objects and events, expresses human emotions, commands action, uses metaphors in poetry and for sacred and mysterious, has stock phrases and expressions to further social relations and politeness {phattic communication, society}, and has meta-linguistic meanings.
Speech has situations with speakers and listeners. Speech happens only if speaker intends to affect audience. Speakers and listeners use information about what they believe and want in current context.
purposes: assistance
Speech often involves asking for help or information. People ask themselves questions and get answers.
purposes: information
Language can access declarative information. Humans talk to themselves, both sotte voce and silently, as well as others. However, talking is sequential and slow compared to unconscious cognition. Talking depends on current thoughts.
purposes: survival
Language can aid group survival, but it also can cause instability or not be important.
brain
Broca's area, left inferoparietal, left parieto-occipital, left posterior hemisphere, planum temporale, right hemisphere, and Wernicke's area relate to language.
posture
Speech depends on upright posture, which allows tongue position shifts and pharyngeal-tract lengthening.
handedness
Humans starting 300,000 years ago probably had cerebral dominance, because skulls are asymmetric and people inherit brain and skull shape. Human skulls mold to brain. Right-handedness first appeared in Lower Old Stone Age, when tool making became common [Jaynes, 1976]. Language is typically in left hemisphere.
memory
Memory may require language. Language production and comprehension require short-term memory. Memory involves sense of self and change {extended consciousness}. Self depends on sense qualities, proprioception, and sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems [Damasio, 1999].
consciousness
Using language requires sensation and perception for feedback. Automatic speech does not require awareness. People without language ability can still be conscious, so consciousness does not need symbols, syntax, and grammar. Image creation does not need language, memory, or reasoning [Damasio, 1999].
self-consciousness
Only humans are self-conscious and have feelings, because only they have language [Macphail, 1999] [Quine, 1953] [Quine, 1974] [Quine, 1990].
Subjects use words {nomenclature}|.
Translations {translation, language} can be word for word {literal translation}. Translations {free translation} can emphasize meaning, not detail.
Languages {American Sign Language} (ASL) can use signs that stand for whole words and phrases, unlike spoken or written languages.
phonology
Sign language has phonology, because signs have components: hand shapes, body locations, hand and arm movements, and hand orientation.
morphology
Sign language has morphology, because tense has distinct spatial patterns.
syntax
Sign language has syntax of word orders, space locations, and movement directions. Sign order is not important in American Sign Language. Different objects are in different space regions to distinguish them. Signs can have different directions to show relations. Spatial processing in sign language is separate from other visual-spatial brain abilities.
biology
Deaf children who see sign language from birth first sign at five or six months old. Sign language production and comprehension use same brain regions as spoken language. Left hemisphere is dominant. Brain-region damage leaves similar production and comprehension deficits.
Indo-European, Semitic, Finno-Ugric, and most languages {finite-form language} use definite or indefinite subjects. Other languages {infinite-form language} use no person distinction.
In computer languages {formal language, grammar}, signs have unique meanings, references, and senses. Languages that contain demonstratives, such as "that", allow signs to have different senses and so cannot be formal languages.
Fundamental vocabulary {logical language} can have only tautologies {logical locution} or observations {observation predicate}.
Languages {radical language} can have words that are radicals, so grammar and syntax use word order.
Languages {subordinating language} can group around main word and can have particles or words that can express grammar or semantic relations.
Languages {verb language} can use verb sentences.
Languages {tone language} can have meaning that comes from pitch changes.
Guanches people use Silbo Gomera language {whistling language} on Gomera Island in Canary Islands.
Bantu language {classificatory language} nouns have classes. Class prefixes precede all words associated with nouns.
Latin and Greek {inflecting language} {flexional language} can have words with suffixes. Suffixes represent several morphemes, so morphemes are not separate.
Languages {juxtaposing language} can use prefixes as classifiers to show grammatical relations.
Proto-Indo-European guttural k sound has changed to k sound in Greek, Italian, Celtic, Germanic, Hittite, and Tokharian {centum language}.
Proto-Indo-European guttural k sound has changed to sibilant s in Balto-Slavic, Albanian, Armenian, and Indo-Iranian languages {satem language}.
Languages {agglutinating language} can have words that use morpheme sequences, so words have separate morphemes. Turkish and most languages are agglutinating languages.
Languages {amalgamating language} can have fused roots and affixes, not separate and independent word parts, so words do not have separate morphemes.
Vietnamese and most Chinese language {analytic language} {isolating language} words are invariable. Words can represent different morphemes in different sentence contexts.
logogram
Written Chinese characters represent meanings, not sounds. Chinese symbols are meaning units {logos, alphabet} {logographic script}. First logograms were indicators {indicative sign}, such as stick-figure pictures {pictorial sign} or counting strokes. Logograms are now invariable monosyllables. Plurals and tense are optional monosyllables.
combination
Symbols can combine with other symbols to make polysyllabic words. If two logograms combine, meanings combine. Compound characters use one part {determinative} {signific} {radical part} for main meaning, which is the basis for arranging characters in dictionaries. Compound characters use another part {borrowed character} for extra sound {phonetic, Chinese}. Phonetic compounds are 95% of Chinese characters. Phonetic compounds with same borrowed character can differ in pronunciation, because phonetic meaning is more important than sound.
Asian languages
Japanese and Korean, languages unrelated to Chinese, use Chinese characters.
Languages {synthetic language} can have words that are morpheme combinations, so inflections show grammar. Languages {polysynthetic language} can have words that represent whole sentences, such as verbs combined with morphemes.
Languages can replace another language {substratum, language} as dominant language. Substratum changes the newly dominant language {substratum theory}.
Languages {superstratum} can replace another language.
Perhaps, language replaced grooming {grooming} as social groups became larger [Dunbar, 1996].
Perhaps, imitation abilities associate with larger brains and language {imitation and language} [Blackmore, 1999].
Human language probably evolved from primate graded calls {vocalization}. In Homo habilis, advanced vocal cords and brain language areas allowed better communication.
Before words existed, context gave meaning to sounds {metaphorical stage}. Later, sounds carried meaning without context.
Before protolanguage, there were words for objects and events {word origin}. Perhaps, words originate by onomatopoeia or sound-symbolism [Smith, 1985].
Before language {prelanguage}, brains must have ideas of number, case, gender, noun, verb, modifier, tense, gerund, infinitive, particle, preposition, and article. Before language, brains must have spatial and temporal ideas, such as line, group, boundary, figure, background, movement, ascending, descending, association, attraction, and repulsion.
Before language, there were semi-semantic and semi-syntactic word-association rules {protolanguage}. Rules order words into subject-verb-object, make broader categories from objects, use categories to specify objects, and combine words and gestures. Later, word associations evolved to associate words and speech-part categories and then make complete sentences [Corballis, 2002]. Probably, language first described situations. Then language described speaker thoughts. Then language described hearer characteristics and thoughts.
Language came from protolanguage {ursprache}.
Earliest language was essentially natural, poetic, and creative {creative language}. Later languages were more logical, artificial, and precise.
Social convention adopts words {word, convention} {convention, word} [Bloom, 2000].
Perhaps, words express attitudes and try to cause attitudes {boo-hoorah theory}.
Perhaps, manual gestures can have meaning and syntax {gestural theory}, and brain language centers control first arm movements and then vocal tract. Speech frees hands and arms and allows communication at night [Browman and Goldstein, 1991].
Perhaps, human speech began as reactions to pains or emotions {interjectional theory} [Bickerton, 1981] [Bickerton, 1990] [Bickerton, 1995] [Chagnon, 1992] [Smith, 1985].
Perhaps, human speech began as sound imitations {onomatopoeia} {onomatopoeic theory} [Bickerton, 1981] [Bickerton, 1990] [Bickerton, 1995] [Chagnon, 1992] [Smith, 1985].
Perhaps, human speech began from meaningless chants {sing-song theory} [Bickerton, 1981] [Bickerton, 1990] [Bickerton, 1995] [Chagnon, 1992] [Smith, 1985].
Perhaps, words began from sounds used in physical activities, sound quality or tone changes, and sound metaphors {sound-symbolism} [Smith, 1985].
Angular gyrus and TPO connect vision and hearing sense qualities to cause synesthesia. Hand and mouth motor areas are adjacent and move similarly {synkinesia}. Visual areas link to Broca's motor area. Emotional vocalizations start from right hemisphere and anterior cingulate. Perhaps, visual-auditory, hand-mouth, and mouth-visual brain areas evolve to work together {synesthetic bootstrapping theory}. Perhaps, tool-making steps became syntax and nested phrases {hierarchic embedding} [Ramachandran, 2004].
Perhaps, human speech began from spontaneous work grunts {yo-he-ho theory} [Bickerton, 1981] [Bickerton, 1990] [Bickerton, 1995] [Chagnon, 1992] [Smith, 1985].
People read one word at a time {reading}. Learned eye movements do not relate to other tasks.
Reading starts with transforming letters into sounds {phonological, word} and building rules {sounding out}.
Reading includes remembering words {lexical} as wholes {look-and-say} {whole-word recognition}.
Current and ancient language words, grammar, and morphology differences {comparative method} can indicate preceding languages, back to Indo-European.
Word differences allow calculating language-divergence dates {glottochronology}.
Languages {language family} derived from proto-languages in different regions. Japanese, Korean, Andamanese, Bithynia, Cappadocia, Crete, Cyprus, Elam, Etruria, Lydia, Sumeria, North Australian, and South Australian aboriginal languages do not relate to other languages. Korean and Japanese languages are similar to Altaic and Turkish.
mixed European languages {Esperanto language}.
Afro-Asiatic {Afro-Asiatic language family}, in north Africa and Arabia, includes Semitic languages in Arabia and five other branches in north Africa.
Bantu {Bantu language family} started in east Nigeria and Cameroon in west Africa [-3000] and spread to equatorial and south Africa, and includes Swahili in east Africa, Zulu in southeast Africa, Congo, Luba-Lulua, Luganda or Ganda, Nyanja or Nyasa, Kafir, and 80 to 100 more languages. In Bantu classificatory languages, nouns have classes, and noun classes have prefixes, which precede all words associated with noun.
Hamito-Semitic {Hamito-Semitic language family}, in Arabia and northwest Africa, includes Semitic and Hamitic.
Semitic
Semitic includes East Semitic and West Semitic. East Semitic includes only Akkadian. West Semitic includes Southern Semitic and Northern Semitic.
Southern Semitic includes North Arabic, South Arabic, and Ethiopic. Ethiopic includes Ethiopic or Ge'ez, Tigrina or Tigray, Tigie, Amharis, Atgobba, Gafat, Gurage, and Harani.
Northern Semitic includes Maltese, Canaanite, and Aramaic. Canaanite includes Hebrew, Phoenican, and Moabite. Aramaic includes Eastern Aramaic and Western Aramaic. Eastern Aramaic includes Syriac in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran; extinct Babylonian Judeo-Aramaic; Mandaean; and Harranian. Western Aramaic includes extinct Old Aramaic, Biblical Aramaic, Palestinian Aramaic, and Samaritan.
Hamitic
Hamitic includes Egyptian, Libyo-Berber, and Kushitic. Egyptian includes Egyptian and Coptic. Libyo-Berber includes Berber and extinct Libyan. Berber includes Tuareg, Kabyl, Shluh, Zenaga, Zenete, and extinct Guanehe. Kushitic includes Somali and Galla in Ethiopia. Perhaps, Kushitic belongs to Afro-Asiatic language family.
Hottentot-Bushman or Khoin {Hottentot-Bushman language family}, in southwest Africa, includes Nama or Hottentot and San or Bushman.
Khoisan {Khoisan language family}, in south Africa, includes Khoi, San, Hadza, and Sandawe in Tanzania.
Niger-Congo {Niger-Congo language family}, in west-central Africa, includes Nigerian and Congan languages as one branch and Bantu as eastern branch. Xhosa is in south Africa.
Nilo-Saharan {Nilo-Saharan language family}, in upper Nile River and Sahara Desert in Africa, includes Ethiopian, Libyan, and west Sahara languages.
Sudanese-Guinean {Sudanese-Guinean language family}, in central and west-central Africa, includes Ewe in Togoland and Gold Coast, Efik, Hausa in Sudan and Nigeria, Mandingo, Mende, Masai, Nubian, Twi, Yoruba, Fon in Dahomey, Ibo or Bo in southeast Nigeria, and Ubangi. Ubangi includes Banda, Mitlu, and Zande.
Americas languages {Americas languages} are in Central, North, and South America.
Mayan {Mayan language family} includes Mayan.
Zapotec {Zapotec language family} includes Zapotec.
Algonquian {Algonquian language family}, in north USA, includes Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Hitwan or Californian Algonquian, Central Algonquian, and Eastern Algonquian. Central Algonquian includes Fox, Illinois, Kickapoo, Miami, Menomini, Montagnais, Ojibway or Chippewa, Sank, Potawatomi, Shawnee, and Cree.
Athapascan {Athapascan language family}, in west-central USA, includes Apache-Navajo, Dene, and Hupa-Matole.
Hokan {Hokan language family} was in California.
Iroquois {Iroquois language family}, in northeast USA, includes Iroquois, Cherokee, Huron or Wyandot, Tuscarora, Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca.
Muskogee {Muskogee language family}, in southeast USA, includes Muskogee or Creek, Choctaw, and Seminole.
Na-Dene {Na-Dene language family}, in Alaska, northwest Canada, and southwest USA, includes Dene.
Natchez-Muskogean {Natchez-Muskogean language family}, in southeast USA, includes Muskogee or Creek, Choctaw, and Seminole. Perhaps, it is in Amerind language family.
Perhaps, Oto-Manguean {Oto-Manguean language family}, in Mexico and southwest USA, is in Amerind language family.
Penutian {Penutian language family} was in California.
Shoshonean {Shoshonean language family}, in south USA and north Mexico, includes Shoshone, Comanche, Pueblo, and Ute. Perhaps, it is in Uto-Aztecan family.
Sioux {Sioux language family}, in Minnesota, Nebraska, and Dakotas in USA, includes Assiniboin, Biloxi, Crow, Dakota, Iowa, Kansas, Katawba, Mandan, Missouri, Ogalala, Omaha, Osage, Oto, Ponka, Teton, Wahpeton, Winnebago, and Yankton.
Uto-Aztecan {Uto-Aztecan language family}, in Mexico and west USA, includes extinct Aztec or Nahuatl. Perhaps, it is in Amerind language family.
Yukian {Yukian language family} was in California.
Araucan {Araucan language family}, in Chile, includes Araucan.
Arawak {Arawak language family}, in Caribbean and northwest South America, includes extinct Arawak. Perhaps, it is in Amerind language family.
Aymara {Aymara language family}, in Ecuador and Bolivia, includes Aymara.
Carib {Carib language family}, in Caribbean, includes Carib. Carib replaced Arawak.
Quechua or Kechua {Quechua language family}, in Peru, includes Inca.
Tupi-Guarani {Tupi-Guarani language family}, in Brazil and Paraguay, includes Tupi in Brazil and Guarani in Paraguay.
Asia languages {Asia languages} are in Caucasia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Balto-Slavic or Slavic {Balto-Slavic language family}, Indo-European language in east Europe, includes East Slavic, West Slavic, and South Slavic. East Slavic includes Russian or Great Russian, Ukrainian or Little Russian, and White Russian. West Slavic includes Polish, Lithuanian, Lettish or Latvian, Czech, Lusatian or Wend or Sorbian, Kaszub, and extinct Polabian. South Slavic includes Slovak, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Slovene, Church Slavonic or Old Bulgarian or Old Slavonic, and extinct Old Slavic.
Celtic {Celtic language family}, Indo-European language in England, includes Goidelic, Brythonic, and extinct Gaulish. Goidelic includes Irish or Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, and Manx. Brythonic includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish.
Germanic or Teutonic {Germanic language family}, Indo-European language in Germany, includes West Germanic, North Germanic, and East Germanic. West Germanic includes Dutch, German, Flemish, Afrikaans, and Anglo-Friscian. Anglo-Friscian includes English and has Friscian in Netherlands. North Germanic includes Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, and Gotlandic or Gutnian. East Germanic includes extinct Gothic, Burgundian, and Vandal.
Proto-Germanic and other Indo-European languages {Germanic sound shift} separated before 1. High German and Low German separated from -100 to 800.
Iberian {Iberian language family}, in Spain, includes Basque and extinct Aquitanian.
Indo-European languages {Indo-European language family} started in Ukraine and Anatolia, near Black Sea and Caucasus Mountains, as Proto-Indo-European [-4000] and had same complexity as current languages. Indo-European has inflection, is synthetic, and has three genders.
Indo-European includes Germanic, Italic, Indo-Iranian, Celtic, Balto-Slavic, extinct Thraco-Phrygian, extinct Hittite, Greek, Albanian, Illyrian, Tokharian in Chinese Turkestan, Armenian, North Caucasian, and South Caucasian.
Proto-Indo-European has two main branches.
branch: 4000 years ago
Hittite and Luvian [-2000] came directly from one Proto-Indo-European branch.
branch: 5200 years ago
Tocharian A and Tocharian B [-500] branched [-3500] from the other Proto-Indo-European branch.
Later branch [-3200] branched [-2500] into Welsh and Old Irish [-500] and into Latin [-1000] and Umbrian and Oscan [-500].
Later branch [-3000 to -2500] branched [-2000] into Albanian and into Gothic [1] and later Old English and Old High German [500]. Later branch [-3000] branched [-1800] into Ancient Greek and Classical Armenian. Later branch [-2500] branched [-1800] into Vedic and Old Persian and into Prussian [1000] and Latvian and Lithuanian [1300].
Indo-Iranian {Indo-Iranian language family}, Indo-European language in Iran and India, includes Iranian and Indic.
Iranian
Iranian includes Iranian or Farsi or Persian, Urdu, Kurdesh, Pushtu or Afgani, Ossetic, Baluchi, extinct Avestan, Khotanese, and Old Sakian.
Indic
Indic includes Apabhramsa, Hindustani, Bengali, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Bhili, Khandesi, Assamese, Sinhalese in Ceylon, Kashmiri, Nepali or Gurkhali, Romani or Gypsy, Gujarati, Oriya, Sindhi, Pahari in lower Himalayas, Marathi, Bihari, and extinct Old Indic or Sanskrit.
Hindustani includes Urdu and Hindi.
Hindi includes Western or standard Hindi and Eastern Hindi.
Marathi includes Konkani dialect.
Bihari includes Bhojpuri, Maithili, and Magahi.
scripts
India has 14 major languages. Urdu and Kashmiri use modified Arabic scripts. Hindi, Sanskrit, and Marathi use Devanagari script. Punjabi uses Gurmukhi script. Bengali uses Bengali script. Script symbols can be syllables.
Italic {Italic language family}, Indo-European language in Italy, includes Latino-Faliscan, Osco-Umbrian, and Sabellian. Latino-Faliscan includes Latin. Latin includes Romance languages West Romance and East Romance. West Romance includes French, North Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Provençal, Sardinian, and Rumansch or Rhetian. East Romance includes Romanian, South Italian, and extinct Dalmatian. Osco-Umbrian includes Oscan and Umbrian. Sabellian includes Marsian, Sabine, and Volscian.
North Caucasian {North Caucasian language family}, Indo-European language in Caucasus, includes Eastern Caucasian or Checheno-Lesghian and Western Caucasian or Abasgo-Kerketian.
South Caucasian or K'art'velian or K'art'uli'ena {South Caucasian language family}, Indo-European language in Caucasus, includes Georgian, Laz, Mingrelian, and Svanian.
Thraco-Phyrgian {Thraco-Phyrgian language family}, Indo-European language in north Greece, includes extinct Thracian, extinct Old Phyrgian, and extinct New Phrygian.
Dravidian {Dravidian language family}, started in India [-2000], includes Tamil-Kurukh, Kui-Gondi, Telugu in east and southeast India, and Brahui. Tamil-Kurukh includes Tamil in Ceylon and south India, Malayaan, Tulu, Kurukh, and Kanarese. Kui-Gondi includes Kui, Gondi, Bhili, Kolimi, and Naiki.
Elamo-Dravidian {Elamo-Dravidian language family}, started in Iran [-6000] and then went to India, includes Elamite and Dravidian.
Man {Man language family}, in north Burma, southwest China, and north Indochina, includes Man.
Ural-Altaic or Turanian {Ural-Altaic language family}, started in Ural Mountains [1000] and includes Finno-Ugrian or Uralic and Altaic.
Ural
Finno-Ugrian or Uralic includes Finnish-Lapponic, Ugric, Ob-Ugrian, Permian, and Samoyedic. Finnish-Lapponic includes Lapp, Cheremiss, Mordvin, Finnish, Estonian, Karelian, Ingrian, Livonian, Ludian or Ludish, Olonetzian, Vepsian, and Votian. Ugric includes Hungarian or Magyar. Hungarian reached Hungary [892], from Ural Mountains. Ob-Ugrian includes Ostyak and Vogal. Permian includes Votyak and Zyrican. Samoyedic includes Samoyed, Yurak, Kamessian, and Tugvy.
Altaic
Altaic includes Turkish, Manchu-Tungus, and Mongol. Altaic [1000 to 1300] came from central Asia steppes to Europe and Turkey. Turkish includes Eastern Turkish or Altaic, Western Turkish, Central Turkish, and Southern Turkish. Eastern Turkish or Altaic includes Altaic, Abakan, Baraba, Karagas, Soyonian, Uighur, and Tartar. Western Turkish includes Bashkir, Chuvash, Irtysh, and Kirghiz. Central Turkish includes Chagatai, Kashgar, Sart, Taranchi, Uzbeg, and Yarkand. Southern Turkish includes Osmanli, Azerbaijani, Anatolian, Balkar, Kumik, and Turkoman. Manchu-Tungus includes Manchu and Tungus. Mongol includes Western Mongol, Northern Mongol, Eastern Mongol, Tangut, Shara, Afghan Mongol, and Yakut. Western Mongol includes Kalmuk. Northern Mongol includes Buryat. Eastern Mongol includes Khalkha.
Eskimo-Aleut {Eskimo-Aleut language family}, in Arctic northeast Asia and northwest North America, includes Eskimo and Aleut.
Hyperborean or Paleo-Asiatic {Hyperborean language family}, in northeast Asia, includes Chukchi-Kamchadal, Ainu, and Gilyak. Ainu and Gilyak do not relate to Chukchi-Kamchadal, except by location. Chukchi-Kamchadal includes Chukchi, Kamchadal, and Koryak.
Miao-Yao or Hmong-Mien {Miao-Yao language family}, started in China and Vietnam [-1000], includes Red Miao, White or Striped Miao, Black Miao, Green or Blue Miao, and Yao. Spread from south China over southeast Asia. Vietnamese Hmong speak it.
Sino-Tibetan or Indochinese {Sino-Tibetan language family} started in China [-4000], spread from north China to south China and southeast Asia, and includes Chinese, Tibeto-Burmese, Lo-lo-Bodo-Naga-Kachin, extinct Pyu, and Thai or Tai-Kadai [-1000 to 1500].
Chinese
Chinese includes written Wen-li, national standard Kuo-yu, North Mandarin in Beijing, Wu along Yangtse river, Chinese, Cantonese or Yueh in Kwangtung, and Min in Fukien.
Burma
Tibeto-Burmese includes Tibeto-Himalayan and Arakan-Burmese. Tibeto-Himalayan includes Tibetan or Bhotian, literary Balti, and Himalayan. Himalayan includes Toto, Lepcha or Kong, and Gurung. Arakan-Burmese includes Arakanese, Burmese or Maghi, Kuki-Chin, and Old Kuki.
Kachin
Lo-lo-Bodo-Naga-Kachin includes Lo-lo-Mo-so, Kachine or Singhpho, and Naga-Kuki. Lo-lo-Mo-so includes Lo-lo and Mo-so.
Thai
Thai includes Siamese, Karen in Burma, and Shan dialects. Shan or Siamese includes Khamti, Lao Lu, Khun, and Ahom. Alternatively, Tai-Kadai includes Thai and Laotian.
Austro-Asiatic or Southeast Asiatic {Austro-Asiatic language family}, started in southeast Asia and India [-3000], includes Mon-Khmer, Annamese-Muong, and Munda or Kolarian. It spread from southeast China over southeast Asia and India. Mon-Khmer includes Khmer or Cambodian, Mon, and Cham. Annamese-Muong includes Annamese or Vietnamese and Muong. Munda or Kolarian includes North Munda and South Munda.
Austronesian {Austronesian language family}, in South Pacific Islands [-3000], has mainly Malayo-Polynesian, as well as Melanesian, Micronesian, and Indonesian or Malayan language families. Austronesian has three other families on Taiwan, which spread from Taiwan to Indonesia and Polynesia.
Polynesian
Polynesian is in Hawaii, Samoa, and Tahiti, and among New-Zealand Maori. Bali is in Bali. Batak is in Samoa. Buginese is in Celebes. Dayak is in Borneo. Malagasy is in Malagasy. Malay is in Malaysia. Sundanese is in Sundan Islands. Javanese is in Java. Indonesian is in Indonesia. Tagalog is in Philippines. Bicol, Bontok, Ilocano, Macassar, and Maduran are other Polynesian languages. Western Malayo-Polynesian and Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian also exist. Language similar to Manyan is in Madagascar.
Melanesian
Melanesian is in Fiji, Solomon, and New Hebrides.
Micronesian
Micronesian is in Caroline, Gilbert, Marshall, Marianne, and Yap.
Indonesian
Indonesian or Malayan includes Bisaya or Visaya in Philippines and Formosan in Taiwan.
Papuan {Papuan language family}, in New Guinea, Bougainville, and New Britain includes Papuan.
Tasmanian {Tasmanian language family}, in Tasmania, is extinct.
At regional boundaries {isogloss}, languages can differ in one feature only.
Geographic regions {isograph} can have uniform general language features.
Some languages {language isolate} do not relate to other languages.
Regions can contain several languages {polyglot}|.
Spoken-language or writing-system transcriptions can use Roman script {Romanization}.
Sweet's phonetic-transcription system {Romic} uses Romanization.
Language pronunciation {dialect}| depends on social class and geographic region.
Irish and Scottish English have dialects {brogue}|.
Individuals have language {idiolect}.
Close-knit groups in closed areas surrounded by larger areas can use dialects {koine}.
Colonists and settlers can use home-country language {mother tongue}.
Languages {patois}| can be local dialects.
Regions have local dialects {provincialism}.
Communities have languages {sociolect}.
Educated people use formal language {standard language}.
Language {King's English} can be exact, standardized English.
Groups can use language {nonstandard language} in informal ways.
Simplified colonizer languages {creole}| become trade or contact languages and can become the only colony language.
Speakers of several languages can use mixed language {lingua franca}| in shared geographic region. Italian, with some Arabic and Greek, was in Mediterranean area.
Contact vernaculars {lingua general brazilica} can be in Brazil.
Style {High} can be from highlands or be a literary form.
Style {Low} can be from lowlands or after higher "Golden Age".
Language {cant}| can repeat set expressions.
Language {cliché}| can repeat too often to be informative.
Language {colloquialism}| can be common regional expressions.
Language {gobbledygook} can be unclear and wordy, intentionally by politicians.
Dialects {baby talk} {motherese} can be high-pitched and singsong, with lengthened vowels and high inflection.
Words can be in common use {parlance}|.
Language {slang} can be popular terms that quickly fade from use.
Language {vernacular}| can be in common use.
Common activities use common speech {vulgar speech} {common speech} {non-literary speech}, while writing and rituals used formal speech.
Language {vulgarity} can be obscene.
Language {argot}| can be jargon of underworld or lower social classes.
Language {jargon}| can be professional vocabulary.
Journalists have jargon {journalese}|.
Religious services can use language {liturgical language}.
Perhaps, meaning comes from dialogues {dialogism} {dialogic}, which have social and cultural settings. Settings use different languages {heteroglossia}, such as legal, political, economic, and personal languages. Persons result from social dialogues [Bakhtin, 1983] [Bakhtin, 1986].
Words can cause emotions {emotive meaning} {evaluative meaning} {prescriptive meaning} or carry cognitions {descriptive meaning}. Language can be about facts or about values {fact-value distinction} [Stevenson, 1963].
Perhaps, all thoughts use the same language {language of thought} {mentalese}, which differs from actual languages. Brain concepts are in languages, software programs, or virtual machines. Software is not physiological, mechanical, or phenomenological but has information content.
logic
Logical forms are probably not the language of thought.
statements
Perhaps, concepts and propositions are language-of-thought contents.
syntax
Phonology, phonetics, morphology, word-order rules, syntactic-redundancy rules, and parsing rules are not necessarily in the language of thought. Syntactic-redundancy rules are for pronouns, agreement, and case. Perhaps, language of thought has syntax and all proposition types.
token
Perhaps, qualities are tokens in language of thought.
Consciousness, complex behavior, complex mental processes, and language depend on ability to use tools and signs {significative behavior}. Words start as emotion expressions, then designate concrete objects, and later have abstract meaning. People have potential capacities {potential development zone} {zone of potential development} that develop in societies.
language development
Techniques {Vygotsky-Sakharov technique} {Vygotsky-Hanfman-Kasanin test} can track language development. Language develops from sign use into sign system. Semantics develops, and sign meanings change. Children think by memorizing, but adults memorize by thinking. People gain ability to solve problems by themselves and with aid from teacher or parent {social prompting}.
goals
In situations, tools and signs reach goals, usually with feedback.
culture
Higher mental processes require social settings to develop. Socialization processes lead to consciousness. Human conscious behavior relates subject of experience to social environment. Phenomena are large and complex relation-network parts {ascending to the concrete}, not irreducible personal experiences [Vygotsky, 1930].
Language is about situations and about relations among communicators {situation semantics} [Barwise and Perry, 1983].
Language develops from first gestures and then grooming and other physical interactions [Mead, 1934]. Creativity, self, and reason arise from social life, which uses language reflexively. Language and symbolic interaction {symbolic interactionism} can cause humans to be self-conscious.
In first-order languages, sentence truth {truth, expression} is provable from sentence-part semantic relations. All languages can transform into first-order languages, so speakers can have truth-theory. In first-order languages, meaning depends on truth-conditions. Beliefs and other intentions are mental states with contrasts. Speakers speak intentionally [Davidson, 1980].
Fundamental language-element meanings rely on subjective experiences. More-complex language meanings derive from language element meanings, using verification methods. Statement meanings depend on verification methods. Statements are meaningful only if observations and calculations can verify them {verification principle} {verifiability principle} [Ayer, 1936] [Ayer, 1940] [Ayer, 1963].
methods
Science facts can be verifiable by observation or experiment. Analytic logic and mathematics statements can be true by language rules. Ethical statements convey emotion or attitude and are not verifiable or analytic. Other statements are meaningless.
Perhaps, consciousness is a personal language {private language}, with syntax and grammar, for communicating with oneself. However, internal language independent of human social life cannot describe mental contents [Hunter, 1973] [Wittgenstein, 1953], because language presupposes public rules and symbols.
Languages are for shared-things communication. Private worlds can have no language, and private words have no meaning {private language argument}. In private languages, knowing and not knowing are meaningless [Hunter, 1973] [Wittgenstein, 1953]. Words about conscious states can only be about observable inclinations to behave, not about subjective experience. Public terms must be publicly verifiable. Languages must be public and about public things.
If people have private worlds, minds are like small boxes with moving objects inside {beetle in a box} [Wittgenstein, 1953].
Language has many functions {language game}. For example, language can state facts and define contexts.
Referents can be constant only in contexts. Contexts give referent features and functions, which supply meaning. Referents can be similar in some ways {family resemblance}.
Physiology differences cause speech to be variable {mechanistic theory}.
Mental differences cause speech to be variable {mentalistic theory}.
Speech has acoustic parameters {phonetics}|, such as amplitude, duration, frequency, and timbre. Acoustic parameters correspond to sound contrasts used to discriminate among speech features. Speech production and perception parameters are the same.
sound types
Sound types are consonants, sonants or semivowels, vowels, stops, continuants, aspirates, voiced, and unvoiced.
categories
People identify and label perceptual features by sharpening boundaries. People can discriminate among features along many dimensions. People group sounds into rhythms based on sound loudness, length, and pitch. Louder, longer, and higher-pitch sounds are accents.
process
Labeling/identifying and discrimination are two aspects of one mechanism. Special mechanisms make and perceive speech. Perhaps, reverse of production gives perception {motor theory of speech perception}.
articulation
Vocal cords, lungs, pharynx, tongue, nose, teeth, and lips make speech sounds. All people can make all speech sounds, but at different pitches and timbres. Lungs, pharynx, tongue, nose, teeth, and lips modify speech sounds. African languages can use clicks. Languages can use inhaled sounds. Nasalization and other vowel modifications do not change speech-sound basis.
phonetic law
Language has sound shifts over time.
statistics
People learn words by sound-sequence frequency distributions.
sciences
People can study acoustic-signal structure {acoustic phonetics} or how people produce sounds {articulatory phonetics}.
animals
Animals can perceive human speech sounds.
Most sound energy is in several frequency bands {formant}|, which differ among people because vocal tract resonates at different frequencies. Lowest-frequency formant is main formant.
Instruments {phonogram, graph}| can record speech sounds.
Speech is a linear sequence of phonological distinctive features {phonology}| {segmental phonology}, which concatenate into discrete phonemes, which concatenate into syllables, which concatenate into words. Sign language uses physical movements as phonology.
Speech uses stress, rhythm, and tone patterns {prosody, grammar}|.
Speech sounds are phonological units {phoneme}|. Phonemes are not separate and independent but have sequences. Phonemes have context. People recognize phonemes only in context, because preceding and succeeding phonemes indicate current phoneme.
phonological distinctive features
Phonemes have or lack nine features. Phonemes can use consonants, vowels, pitches, silences, intonations, and stresses. Vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y. Consonants are b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, and z. Voiced consonants are b, d, g, and z. Unvoiced consonants are p, t, k, and s. Nasal consonants are m and n. Non-nasal consonants are b, k, and s. Constricted-lip vowels and consonants are oo, w, p, and m. Unconstricted-lip vowels and consonants are i, e, k, and n.
number
People can pronounce 40 phonemes [Jaynes, 1976]. Languages typically have 12 to 67 phonemes. Phoneme number and substitutability do not relate to language type, whether isolating, agglutinative, flexional, analytic, synthetic, or polysynthetic.
Phoneme parts can have different tonal changes {mora}.
Phonemes {radical phoneme} can be word bases, with basic meaning.
Similar phonemes can become more similar or identical {assimilation, grammar}, by changing sound features.
Similar phonemes can become less similar {dissimilation}, by changing sound features.
Over language history, sound-context phonological distinctive features can change to other distinctive features {sound shift}. Phoneme changes follow regular recurrent rules. Functional, autonomous, or spontaneous causes can change paradigmatic sounds. Nearby phonemes can change syntagmatic sounds.
Sounds have diachronic changes {drift, phonetics}.
Speech can double sounds to lengthen them {gemination}.
Consonants between vowels can change {lenition}.
People make sounds {locution}|.
Speech has clarity {enunciation, clarity}|.
People make {phonation} rudimentary vocal sound units {phone}.
Linguistic attributes {shibboleth} can distinguish speaker nationality.
People can use sounds idiosyncratically {solecism}.
Speech has pitch changes {intonation, modulation}|. Intonation emphasizes sentence parts, for example, signaling difference between declarative sentence and question. Speech amplitude and rhythm do not necessarily change.
Speech sounds have relative rise and fall of vocal-cord vibration frequency {pitch, speech}. Speech sounds can rise, fall, rise then fall, or have no pitch change.
Speech organs can move to rest position {release, speech}.
Phonemes {rounded phoneme} can use rounded lips.
Phonological marks {sandhi, phonetics} can be at morpheme boundaries. Neighboring sounds or grammatical functions can alter sounds. Sounds between words can fuse {external sandhi}. Sounds in words can change {internal sandhi}. English and Finnish do not show sandhi in spelling. Sanskrit can show or omit sandhi.
Tonal languages alter tones {tone sandhi}. Mandarin has high monotone, rising tone, falling-rising tone, and falling tone.
Stresses {emphasis, phonetics} {accent, phonetics}| can be on word syllable positions or sentence word positions. Languages typically place stress {fixed stress} on same syllable or word position. Word stresses are main accent and secondary accent. Accent can be on first syllable {initial accent} {initial stress}, last syllable {terminal stress} {terminal accent}, next-to-last syllable {penult syllable}, or second-to-last syllable.
Pitch changes {chromatic accent} can be for emphasis.
Accents {qualitative accent} can be stress and pitch changes.
Accents {quantitative accent} can be duration changes.
Languages {oxytonic language} can have majority of words accented on last syllable {oxytone}|.
Languages {paroxytonic language} can have majority of words accented on next-to-last syllable {paroxytone}|.
Languages {proparoxytonic language} can have majority of words accented on second-to-last syllable {proparoxytone}|.
Speech rhythm can be metrical {metric structure}.
Word and sentence series stress contours can be hierarchical {prosodic structure}.
Vocal tract can produce speech sounds by vibrating vocal chords, positioning tongue and lips, and changing cavity shapes {articulation}|. People know 850 speech sounds.
obstruction
Airflow-obstruction locations affect articulation. Airflow-obstruction levels affect articulation.
sequence
Preceding and succeeding sounds affect speech sounds.
parts
Speech uses jaw, lips, tongue front and back, soft palate, and teeth ridge {vocal tract, speech}. Vocal tract has mouth {oral tract} and nose {nasal tract}.
articulation basis
Language speech-organ neutral or normal positions can differ.
Tongue, teeth, lower lip, and lips {articulator} have tips, blades, middles, and backs.
Articulators can touch lips, teeth, teeth ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, pharynx, or glottis {point of articulation}. Articulation-point changes change consonants but not vowels.
Articulation speech sounds overlap in typical patterns {coarticulation}.
Air inspirations are speech sounds {click sound} in Bushman, Hottentot, and Kafir-Sotho Bantu-family languages.
Speech can use sound w {digamma}.
In Japanese, sounds {flap sound} can mix English l and r.
In Celtic languages, initial consonants can change {initial mutation}, using aspiration, nasalization, or lenition, depending on previous-word final sound or on sentence position.
Pronounce ordinarily silent final consonant of word if next word begins with vowel {liaison, speech}|.
Speech can pronounce s as th and z as zth {lisp}|.
Consonants {oral consonant} can use only oral cavity.
Consonant h {aspirate}| is mostly moving air, without vocal-cord use. Breath puffs {aspirated consonant}, like h sounds, can follow some consonants. In Greek, aspiration or rough breathing can precede initial vowels and r. Such breathing has ' sign.
Consonants {spirant} {continuant} have no air blockage by tongue, teeth, or lips.
Consonants {liquid consonant}|, such as l and r, can have no airflow change.
Liquid consonants l and r and nasal consonants m and n {vocalic consonant} begin with vowel sounds.
Alveolar ridge behind teeth {alveolar sound} makes b, t, and n.
Consonants {palatal consonant} can put tongue near hard palate.
Consonants {velar consonant} can place tongue back near velum soft palate: g, k, and ng.
Consonants {uvular consonant} can place tongue back near uvula.
Consonants {pharyngeal consonant} can phonate at pharynx.
Consonants {bilabial consonant}, such as b, p, m, and w, can use both lips.
Consonants {labial consonant} can use one lip.
Blocked then allowed obstruction {affricate consonant} makes ch and j.
Slight obstruction makes w or y {glide, sound}.
Consonants can involve glottis {glottal stop}.
Sounds {glottal} {laryngeal} can be like Oriental and African language h's or glottal stops.
Speech can use complete air-passage closure {implosion, speech}|.
Slight obstruction makes l or r {lateral consonant}.
Consonants {nasal consonant}| can use nose. Mouth obstruction and nasal opening makes n, m, and ng.
Consonants {stop consonant} {plosive} can use air release after complete air blockage by tongue, teeth, or lips: b, p, d, t, g, and k. Hindi has stop consonants {dental stop consonant} that touch teeth or {retroflex stop consonant} that use tongue to bend up and back.
Consonants {fricative} can partially block airflow, using tongue, teeth, or lips: s, z, f, v, th, and sh. Fricative consonants can be sibilant.
Fricative consonants {sibilant} can put tongue on hard palate.
Articulation movements can be taps {tap, articulation}.
Consonants {rolled consonant} can use rapid tapping of tongue front on teeth, or of uvula against tongue back, usually to make sound r.
Tongue, lips, or uvula can make multiple taps {trill}|, rather than one tap.
Vocal-chord vibration {voiced consonant} makes b, m, z, l, and r.
No vocal chord vibration {voiceless consonant} makes p, s, and ch.
Voiceless consonants {soft consonant} can have voice.
Voiced consonants and semivowels {sonant} are similar.
Some speech sounds {voiceless sound} {unvoiced sound} do not use vocal cords.
Vowels {vowel}| typically begin at vocal cords. Vowels can have tongue highest part in front or back, mouth open or closed, and lips round or spread out. Vowels have distinguishing acoustic properties {vowel quality}. Spanish and many languages have only five vowels: ah = a, ay = é, ee = i, oo = u, and oh = o.
Inserted vowels {connecting vowel} can make pronunciation easier.
Eleven vowels {pure vowel} always sound the same, in all syllables. Five vowels {diphthong, vowel} sound different in different syllables.
Consonants can be vowel-like. w and y {semivowel} {semi-vowel} are not equivalent to full vowels.
Indistinct vowels {shwa} {neutral vowel} have upside-down e sign. A Hebrew sign {mobile shwa} indicates upside down e sound. A Hebrew sign {latent shwa} indicates no vowel sound.
Vowels can resonate {sonorous} {twang}| or have nasal sound.
Vocal-cord vibration {voiced} makes vowels. Consonants are typically voiceless.
In Hebrew and Arabic, marks {vowel point} below or near consonants indicate which vowel to use.
Articulation changes can have transitional sounds {glide}|.
Speech can return oral cavity to neutral position {off-glide} {final glide}.
Speech can move into position for phoneme {on-glide} {initial glide}.
Sounds {bridge-sound} between affixes and roots can ease pronunciation.
All utterances have syntax and paradigms {grammar}|. Grammar includes syntax and inflexion. Language knowledge is a finite system of rules operating on fundamental elements, which interact to determine an infinite number of expressions, with phonetic forms, meanings, and structural properties.
relations
Grammar is about linguistic-unit relations, not meaning. Grammar expresses location, direction, time, number, familiarity, possibility, contingency, possession, agency, purpose, necessity, obligation, and existence or non-existence.
relations: space concepts
All grammars indicate spatial location and motion. Sentence linguistic-unit relations reflect physical object and event relations in space and time. Physical relations reflect required grammar type: linear/regular or unrestricted, contracting or non-contracting, and context-sensitive or context-free. Complex concepts use spatial-location and motion concepts.
relations: time concepts
Space and time have similar representations.
innate
Many fundamental grammar properties are innate, but people have different language elements and mental representations.
grammatical sense
People sense {grammatical sense} that word strings are grammatical. Grammatical sense depends on words fitting into familiar connection frameworks.
repetition
People tend to use same word relationships.
context
Contexts are unit relations. Context can be syntax rules about relations between grammar units. Context can be contrast rules about which linguistic units can replace grammar units. For constant number of linguistic units, number of relations is inversely proportional to number of paradigms.
Languages have units {linguistic unit} at different levels: phonemes, words, phrases, and sentences. For both hearing and speaking, people use words, not morphemes, as language units.
Basic language units are finite concepts {lexical concept}, such as subjects, verbs, objects, prepositions, adjectives, and adverbs. Words replace lexical concepts.
Grammar includes word-phoneme relations {inflexion} {inflection}|. Inflection is also about sound stresses.
English has 1000 to 2000 phoneme combinations {syllable}|. Syllables {closed syllable} {blocked syllable} {checked syllable} can end in consonants. Syllables {open syllable} can end in vowels.
Inflection can show case, tense, and number {accidence}|.
Sound repetition {reduplication} is for tense in Greek and for plurals in Malay.
Words have phonological units {morpheme}|, such as word roots, prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and qualities. Morphemes are not separate and independent but have sequences. Phonological units can have preferred order or no order. Succeeding-morpheme probability depends on preceding morphemes. People recognize morphemes only in context, because preceding and succeeding morphemes indicate current morpheme through associations and sound cues.
Morphemes can be alone {free form} {form, grammar}. Free morphemes can be in complex forms {underlying form}. Morphemes attached to words can have only one meaning {bound form}.
Rules can combine morphemes {morphology, grammar}|. Morphological rules can indicate case, tense, and number {inflectional morphology} or make new words {derivational morphology}.
Word parts {root, word}| hold main meaning.
Roots {stem, word}| can add thematic suffixes.
Roots or stems {base, word} can add inflectional endings.
Sounds {determinative sound} added to roots can specify word aspects.
Sounds {formative, grammar} added to roots can change meanings or derive new words.
Words can add sounds {affix, word}|.
Formatives {infix}| can be within words.
Modifiers {prefix, affix}| can be before words.
Modifiers {suffix}| can be after words.
Stem roots can add suffixes {thematic suffix}.
Words can follow usual noun declension {regular noun} or verb conjugation {regular verb}.
Words {heteroclite} can have irregular declension or conjugation.
Vowels change over time {vowel change}. Internal vowels can change qualitatively, change duration, or mute, to change meaning {vowel gradation}. Vowels in next syllables can cause internal-vowel changes {vowel mutation}. Nearby sounds can make vowels become diphthongs {vowel fracture}.
Similar words that vary in accent can then vary at vowel {ablaut}, such as irregular verb tenses.
Two vowel sounds can fuse into one sound {syneresis}.
Pure vowels, such as "i" and "e", can change to semivowels {yodization}.
Internal vowel changes can show verb past tense or noun plurals or oblique case {strong word}.
Rather than internal vowel changes, suffixes can show verb past tense or noun plurals or oblique case {weak word}, as in Germanic languages.
Spoken language is a phoneme series. Phonemes are not separate and independent sounds but have specific sound sequences. Phonemes have contexts. Contexts determine possible phoneme substitutions {contrast, grammar} {paradigm, grammar}, which have different probabilities or strengths. Substitutions can change next-phoneme contexts. All utterances have paradigms. Words and spoken language have morpheme series, which have paradigms. People first learn frequently used grammar contrasts, which resist change most.
In context paradigms, linguistic units can be more distinct {marked, grammar} {positive, grammar} or more general {unmarked, grammar} {neutral, grammar}.
Sentence forms {syntax}| {syntagmatic} relate linguistic units. Syntax relations reflect relations in world and mind. Languages use syntax forms: linear/regular or unrestricted, contracting or non-contracting, and context-sensitive or context-free. All utterances have syntax.
roles
Sentences have nested or embedded phrases. Phrases have roles or sentence slots {phrase structure} {argument structure}. Roles include subject, verb, object, agent, theme, goal, source, instrument, beneficiary, time, and place. Syntax uses lexical categories, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and adverbs. Syntax uses phrasal categories, such as noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, and sentences.
phonology
Syntactic structure substitutes words for lexical concepts to make phonological structure.
Expressions {idiom}| {idiomatic} can have special meaning.
Words {interjection}| can be placeholder words, surprise words, or emphasized words: ah, hey, oh, no, say, well, and wow. Some languages do not have interjections.
Syntactic structure relates to phonological structure through language words {lexicon}|.
Sentences {sentence, grammar}| have positions. Sentence positions can have required order {linear sentence}.
Nouns are words for objects. Verbs are words for actions. Adjectives are words for attributes {parts of speech}|.
Subjects, verbs, objects, modifiers, and other speech parts {grammatical category} fill sentence positions.
Words {conjunction, grammar}|, such as "and" and "or", can denote connections between two words or clauses. Conjunctions {coordinating conjunction} can connect same-type words: and, but, for, not, or, so, yet. Conjunction pairs {correlative conjunction} can connect same-type words: both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, and whether/or. Conjunctions {subordinating conjunction} can connect subordinate clauses: after, as, as well as, because, if, in order that, provided, since, so, so that, than, that, though, unless, when, why. Some languages do not have conjunctions.
Words {phrase, sentence} can substitute for speech parts.
Subsentences {clause} can substitute for speech parts. Clauses {subordinate clause} can depend on other clauses.
Words {preposition}| can denote sentence word relations. There are 80 to 100 prepositions. Some languages do not have prepositions. Phrases {prepositional phrase} can be about other sentence words {object, preposition}.
space
Prepositions can be about spatial location: on, in, near, at, and above. Prepositions can refer to object axis above or below vertical axis, distance from axis, or direction from axis. Prepositions can describe object motions related to location descriptions, such as motion paths and where paths begin and end.
shape
No prepositions require knowledge of figure shapes.
object
No prepositions require knowledge of reference objects, except axis, or figure parts. Spatial configurations can be non-stereotypical or ambiguous.
time
Prepositions can be about time.
possession
Prepositions can be about possession.
grammar
Prepositions can be grammatical markers.
Preposition-like words {postposition} can be after verbs.
Words {adjective}| can modify nouns.
In English, selector, determiner, order, number, size/shape/color, and classifier precede noun {adjective order}.
Adjective phrases {predicate adjective} can pair with copulas. With no copula, phrases are predicates.
Adjectives {article}| can specify nouns. Some languages do not have articles.
Articles {definite article} can be "the".
Articles {demonstrative article} can be "this", "that", "these", and "those".
Articles, pre-articles, and post-articles {determiner} determine nouns.
Articles {indefinite article} can be "a" or "an".
Articles {partitive, article} can be "some".
Words {prearticle} can be similar to articles but not as specific: some, many, several, much, most, all, each, both, and every.
Degree {degree, grammar}| can be superlative or comparative degree.
Between two, one is better {comparative degree}|.
Among choices, one is best {superlative degree}|.
Words {adverb}| can modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.
Adverbs {conjunctive adverb} can introduce clauses: accordingly, furthermore, however, moreover, therefore.
Adverbs {qualifier}| can modify adjectives qualitatively: very, bit, rather, and somewhat,.
Adverbs {quantifier, grammar}| can modify adjectives quantitatively.
Words {noun}| can refer to persons, ideas, places, or things. Nouns can be about sensed things {concrete noun} or about ideal things {abstract noun}.
After noun phrases, noun phrases {apposition}| {appositive} with similar meaning can be between commas.
Nouns can be main sentence parts {nominal sentence}.
Nouns {noun complement} {complement, noun} can complete verbs.
Nouns have sentence uses {case, noun}|.
grammar
Nouns can be subjects {subjective case}. Nouns can be direct objects {objective case}. Nouns can show possession {possessive case}. Nouns can be indirect objects {nominative case}. Nouns can be adjectives {adnominal case}. Nouns can be objects used {instrumental case}. Nouns can be help to, or cause of, actions {agentive case}. Nouns can be accompaniments {comitative case}. Nouns can be hypothetical or conditional {subjunctive case}.
meaning
Besides these grammatical functions, nouns can indicate space and time relations, prepositional object, person addressed, or place {locative case}. Nouns can be separate from rest of sentence {absolute case}. Nouns can be for becoming or transforming into something {factive case}. Nouns can name uninflected word form {common case}.
types
Cases can be nominative case, vocative case, and all other cases {oblique case}.
Nouns {substantive noun} can be adjectives.
Nouns {common noun}| can be about classes or general things. Common nouns are not proper nouns and are not pronouns.
Nouns {proper noun}| can be about particular thing or specific, named things.
Verbs {gerund}| can be in noun form, as continuing actions, and can govern case. Verbals {gerundive} {verbal adjective} can be adjectives, typically after direct objects. Only Indo-European languages have gerunds.
Verbs can be in noun form {participle}|, as completed actions.
Verbal nouns {supine noun} can have unusual inflection.
Verbs {verbal, grammar}| can be nouns or adjectives, such as in infinitives, participles, gerunds, gerundives, and supines.
Nouns can be male, female, or neutral {gender}|. Russian, Greek, Latin, and German use three genders. Languages can use two genders, male and female. Swahili uses six genders. Gender refers to social roles and other meanings besides biology. Some languages do not use gender.
In gender systems {natural gender system}, animate objects can be actual gender, and inanimate objects can be neuter.
Nouns {epicene} can be for male or female gender.
Nouns are singular or plural {number, grammar}. The idea of counting is in all languages. Chinese and Vietnamese do not use noun number categories but denote number by classifier words. Classical Greek, Sanskrit, and some Slavonic languages use number 2 {dual number}, as well as singular and plural. Fijian uses number 3 {trial number}.
If used with cardinal numbers, numerals can indicate classes {auxiliary numeral}, as in Japanese.
Nouns {count noun} can be enumerable. Count nouns can take indefinite articles and are plural. Bounded nouns, nouns about events, and telic nouns are similar to count nouns.
Nouns {mass noun, syntax}| can be singular but about divisible objects. Mass nouns are similar to plural nouns. Unbounded nouns, nouns about processes, and atelic nouns are similar to mass nouns.
Numbers {numeral, noun}| can be cardinal, ordinal, iterative, multiplicative, or partitive.
Nouns {compound noun} can combine two or more things, using connected nouns or more than one noun.
Nouns {collective noun}, such as "orchestra", can be about sets of similar things.
Nouns {antecedent, noun} {referent, noun} {pronoun}| can substitute for nouns. Pronouns agree with referents in number, person, and gender. Pronoun references should be to antecedents. Pronoun references should be unambiguous. Pronoun references should be definite. Pronoun references should be specific.
Nouns can refer to speaker, hearer, others, or viewpoint {person, grammar}. All languages use person categories. Person is I, we, you, he, she, it, or they. Pronouns {exclusive personal pronoun} {inclusive personal pronoun} can delineate groupings.
Pronouns {demonstrative pronoun} can point to referents: this, that, these, and those.
Pronouns {indefinite pronoun} can be general: some, someone, somebody, something, any, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, other, another, either, neither, all, many, few, each, both, one, none, nobody, and nothing.
Pronouns {intensive pronoun} can be for emphasis: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, and themselves.
Pronouns {interrogative pronoun} can be in questions: who, whose, what, whom, which, when, where, why, and how.
Pronoun forms {obviative} can refer to new third persons.
Pronouns {personal pronoun} can substitute for people or things: I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours, you, your, yours, he, him, his, her, his, hers, it, its, they, them, their, and theirs.
Pronouns {reflexive pronoun} can show action on themselves: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, and themselves.
Pronouns can connect clauses to antecedents {relative pronoun}: that, which, who, whom, and whose.
Verbs describe actions as completed, ongoing, or not completed {aspect}|. Aspect can be about action frequency, regularity, start, or type. Aspect relates to tense and mood. Aspect in Russian and Greek refers to completed or incomplete actions. Aspect in Greek can refer to short action length or future action. Not all languages use aspect.
Verbs {auxiliary verb} can convey tense and mood when used before perfect "have", progressive "be", or passive "be": can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
Verbs {copula, grammar}| {linking verb} can link subject and complement: am, are, be, is, was, been. Verbs {substantive verb} can be "to be" and equivalents. Verb "to have" denotes possession. Verb "to be" denotes class member, having class, place, or time, or having existence. Verbs "to have" and "to be" carry only tense, mood, and aspect. Some languages do not use "to have" and/or "to be".
Verbs can show kinship or familiarity {familiar form}.
Adjectives or verbs {predicate, grammar}| can state something about subjects or objects. Adjectives are about qualities and states. Verbs are about actions or states. Adverbs modify both adjectives and verbs. Simple predicates have one verb or verb phrase.
Verbs {reflexive verb} can have subject and object.
Finite verbs can be main sentence parts {verb sentence}.
Verbs {infinitive}| can be secondary verbs. Infinitives typically have no person or number. Some languages have personal infinitives, with person and number.
Infinitives {split infinitive} can have an adverb between "to" and verb.
Verbs have different activity types {mode, verb}|.
Verbs {transitive verb}| can describe actions involving subject and direct object.
Verbs {intransitive verb}| can denote class by common noun, describe class by adjective, or equate classes.
Verbs {semi-transitive verb} can have no passive but have direct objects.
Verbs are in statements, commands, wishes, questions, obligations, subjectives, exclamations, or possibilities {mood, verb}. Moods {conditional mood} can be for conditions. Not all languages use mood. Mood and tense relate.
Verbs {modal verb} can directly show mood: may, can, will, shall, ought, must, and need.
Questions, exclamations, assertions, and other verbal phrases have different effects {force, grammar}.
Verbs {impersonal verb} can use third person singular to denote action by unspecified agents.
Verbs {personal verb} can be about I, us, you, he, she, it, or they.
Verbs describe actions in past, present, or future {tense, verb}|. Present, simple past, and future tense are main tenses {primary tense}. Tense {simple tense} can have no auxiliary. Not all languages use tense. Mood and tense relate.
Present tense {historical present} can stand in relation to past.
Actions or states can result from past actions or states {perfect tense}.
Actions or states can be about past {pluperfect} {past perfect tense}.
Tense can express that action was in past {preterit}.
Verbs can be active, passive, or middle {voice, verb}|. Some languages do not have passive voice or middle voice. Languages with no passive voice can use voice {inactive voice}.
Verbs can describe subject actions {active voice}|.
Verbs can describe actions that affect subject but objects do not act {middle voice}.
Verbs can describe object actions on subjects {passive voice}|.
People can analyze words or sentences grammatically {parsing, grammar}|.
Analyzing sentences {sentence analysis} involves substituting, expanding, removing ungrammatical productions, removing non-generative productions, and removing non-terminal symbols from end. Because sentences are complex, hearers can analyze same sentence in different ways.
subject, verb, and object
Each of the six possible sequences of subject, verb, and object appears in at least one human language.
types
String analysis can be bottom up or top down. Bottom-up analysis scans grammar rules to see if any apply to input string. Top-down analysis hypothesizes output sentences or phrase structures and tries to generate input string, trying grammar rules and backtracking if rule fails.
Top-down parsers start with rules with variables and find places that match rules. Bottom-up parsers start with constants and make variables based on rules. Tree structures {parse tree, sentence} show how rules apply. Diagrams {sentence diagram, sentence} show sentence structures. Sentences can have different parse trees.
Because words, phrases, and sentences nest, grammar rules can use terms about themselves {recursion, grammar} {recursive function}|. In quantitative grammars, recursive functions {composition, grammar} can combine current function value f and second function value g to make new current function value f: f = f + g. Recursive functions {primitive recursion} can add one to current function value: f = f + 1. Recursive functions {minimalization} {multiple recursion} can modify current function value so it approaches a limit, typically using mu operator. Because quantitative grammars involve only integers, quantitative grammars can be algorithms.
Similar events or operations can repeat {iteration}|. For verbs, Hungarian and Finnish languages, but not English, have an iterative marker to convey sense of repetition, which acts semantically like a plural marker.
In speech, ends of nested or interrupting phrases {nested phrase}| typically have no marks.
Grammars can have no loops {standard form}.
Grammars {categorical grammar} can relate speech categories by how categories modify other categories. Verbs, including adjectives, modify nouns. Adverbs modify verbs. Adverbs modify adverbs.
Sentence words have a hierarchy of possibly concatenated smaller groups {constituent grammar} {immediate constituent grammar}.
parts of speech
Constituent grammar uses subject and predicate as fundamental categories. Other grammatical categories derive from them.
rules
Rule sequences build word-group hierarchies. Sentence types have grammar rules, which speakers use for sentence generation, and which hearers use for sentence analysis. Sentence-type rules put high-level word groups in sequences. Sentence-type rules can have necessary parts, optional parts, and branching parts. Second-level grammar rules order words in word groups. Third-level grammar rules order words in subgroups, and so on.
Grammars {transformational grammar} {generative grammar} can generate sentence patterns by mappings at levels. Language comprehension uses same levels and rules.
structures
Sentences have fundamental structure {deep structure} and structure {surface structure} mapped from deep structure. Deep structure relates grammatical units of simple, representative sentences, sometimes using semantic rules. Surface structure relates word categories, like constituent grammar does, and phonological rules affect it. Deep structure resolves ambiguities left open by surface structure. Predicate calculus is a transformational grammar.
innate
Perhaps, children learn language using innate brain function to decode syntax.
Super-rules can relate particular rules {universal grammar}. All children can learn all languages.
Unrestricted and context-free grammars {Backus-Naur form grammar} allow symbol replacement with symbols or letters.
Previous input and output can have no affect on output {context-free grammar}. Only current state determines output.
Current state and previous input and output can determine output {context-sensitive grammar}.
Input string and current state can determine output {finite state machine}.
Previous input can determine output, with no need to go backward or forward to find context or current state {linear grammar}.
Previous input about sentence and input string can determine output, with no need to go backward or forward to find context or current state {regular grammar}.
Simpler strings can substitute for more-complex strings {contracting grammar}. Simpler strings cannot replace strings {non-contracting grammar}.
Grammars {normal-form grammar} can allow symbols to become two symbols, for example, replacing sentence symbols with noun and verb symbols.
Grammars {standard-form grammar} can allow symbols to become one or two strings, for example, replacing speech-part symbols with letter strings.
Grammars {well-formed grammar} can allow simple to complex substitutions.
Grammar rules can be strings and functions, which take input strings and make output strings {quantitative grammar}. Strings can have unique integers, using Gödel numbering. String sets {enumerable set} can have unique integers. Quantitative grammars involve enumerable sets of input sentences, output sentences, and grammar rules. Recursive functions, algorithms, Turing machines, and Post axiomatic systems are mathematically equivalent ways to model quantitative grammars.
Because quantitative grammars involve only integers, quantitative grammars {Post system} can be axiomatic systems, with axioms about strings and inference/grammar rules about speech parts.
Grammars {formal grammar} can be quantitative.
Language processing and computer coding rely on grammar, which specifies sentence-structure rules. Parsing finds syntactical structure. Generating uses rules to create valid sentences. Syntax can have typical sentence structures {regular syntax}, for which words can substitute and which can be recursive {productive syntax}.
grammars
Noam Chomsky defined four generative-grammar classes, with different complexities {Chomsky hierarchy}. Type 0, with highest complexity, is General Grammars, such as Turing Machines. Type 0 grammars can be context-free, unrestricted, contracting, and freely substituting. Turing machines read input and write output anywhere on tape. Type 1 is Context-Sensitive Grammars, such as Linear Bounded Automata. Type 1 grammars can be context-sensitive, unrestricted, and non-contracting. Pushdown machines with finite tape read input and store output, after going backward and forward on tape until they find input string context that tells them what to do next. Type 2 is Context-Free Grammars, such as Pushdown Automata. Type 2 grammars can be context-free, unrestricted, and non-contracting. Pushdown machines read input and store output based solely on current state, without going backward or forward on tape. Type 3, with lowest complexity, is Regular Grammars, such as Finite State Automata. Type 3 grammars can be context-free or context-sensitive, regular, linear, and non-contracting. Finite-state machines read input tape, with no storage, until they find input string that tells them what to do next.
computer language
Computer languages must be deterministic, so parsing look-ahead is finite. Parsing non-deterministic languages requires trying all rules and/or guessing. Most unambiguous and ambiguous recursive transition networks are non-deterministic and cannot map to deterministic recursive transition networks. Non-deterministic finite state automata can map to deterministic finite state automata.
generative grammar
Grammars can have variables, which can have actions and include start symbols. Grammars can have constants, which can have no actions. Grammatical symbols are either variables or constants. Grammars can have rules of going from existing variable series to new variable/constant series. Generative grammars use finite sets of variables, constants, and rules.
relation
Grammar relations involve persons or things {direct object} and time. Relations can be states or events. States are know, believe, or have. States have experiencing subjects. Events involve agents {subject, relation}, instruments "with", beneficiaries "for", and places "on, in, at, above, below", moving, and communicating. States and events determine subject phrases. Events determine verb phrases. To communicate, write, or speak involves recipient "with or to", language "in", and/or topic "on or about". To move or walk involves source "from" and destination "to".
In type 0 {General Grammar}, rules start with variables and productions can be unbounded and context-sensitive. General Grammars are recursively enumerable. General Grammars are equivalent to Turing Machines.
In type 1 {Context Sensitive Grammars}, rules start with variables, and productions are the same length or longer. Rules depend on nearby symbols. Context-sensitive grammars are equivalent to Linear Bounded Automata {non-deterministic Turing Machine}, which have left and right end markers that have no replacements and so bound strings. Context-sensitive grammars are recursive. Context-sensitive grammar-recognition algorithms are Pspace-complete and so can never complete. Context-free grammars plus symbol tables can model context-sensitive grammars.
In type 2 {Context-free Grammar}, rules start with variables and produce variable-and-constant series. Variables are start symbols for grammar subsets. Context-free grammars can accommodate parentheses. Rules do not depend on nearby symbols. Context-free grammars are equivalent to Recursive Transition Networks, which can refer to other transition networks.
parsing
Top-down parsers start with rules with variables and find places that match rules. Bottom-up parsers start with constants and make variables based on rules. Tree structures {parse tree, grammar} show how rules apply. Diagrams {sentence diagram, grammar} show sentence structure. Sentences can have more than one parse tree.
ambiguity
No universal algorithm can determine if context-free grammars are unambiguous or ambiguous or make ambiguous ones unambiguous.
number
Languages can have more than one context-free grammar.
normal form
Context-free grammars can have special forms {normal form, grammar}. Normal forms {Chomsky normal form} can have rules that make one variable into two variables or one constant, with no empty strings. Normal forms {Griebach normal form} can have rules that make one variable into two constants or one empty string.
In type 3 {Regular Grammar}, rules start with variables and produces constant-and-variable series {right linear grammar}, or variable-and-constant series {left linear grammar}. There is only one variable and it is on right or left. All other symbols are constants. Simple transition networks are equivalent to regular grammars. Finite state automata (FSA) model regular grammars, because they have start state, finite number of states, set of rules from one constant to another constant, and finite set of terminal states. Regular Grammars use regular expressions: empty strings, variables, or repeated regular-expression strings.
People can know meaning {semantics}|, by association and by insight, as information patterns become meaning.
beginning
The simplest, earliest semantics related noun subjects or objects to verbs, to express causes, sources, goals, locations, and actions [Smith, 1985].
observation
Meaning is about sense qualities, so observables can relate to other observables. Observing systems can compare observations to memorized observations. Comparing develops new concepts and categories. Meaning requires knowing something about property, not just property value. For example, meaning requires knowing something about red, not just intensity. Observations can be true, complete, and consistent. Word sense and reference change over time, position, and context, so there are no necessary or a priori truths.
context
Different languages use different categories and different category divisions. Meaning depends on definitions {lexicography, semantics}. Meaning depends on word terminology used in subjects. The same expression can have different meanings in different situations. Symbols ground only in their symbol systems.
factors
Meaning involves specific factors that words or sentences can have. Words or sentences have semantic vectors, giving factor strengths, typically zero. Perhaps, words and sentences have semantic tensors, giving factor strengths and interactions. Vector or tensor sets are contexts.
ambiguity
Human languages are complex and typically have ambiguity, but formal languages do not allow ambiguity.
word in English
English has 5000 to 10,000 basic words.
People study name origins and meanings {onomatology}.
Words can have multiple related meanings {polysemy}.
Processes {production, speech} {speech production} result in saying what one means. Timed, parallel processes connect words and ideas to reach states or sequences that satisfy phonology, syntax, grammar, and semantics constraints. Mostly-automatic processes use word and phrase probabilities. Feedback and feedforward processes adjust expression to content, and vice versa, and change phonetic structure into pattern of motor-nerve signals to speech muscles.
Words relate to perceptions and actions, how inference rules use them, how they relate to other words, and how grammar uses them {meaning}. Words have linked conceptual, phonological, syntactic, perceptual, and motor structures.
behavior
Meaning can be listener behaviors or reactions, including linguistic reactions. People have behavior patterns {gesture, meaning}, which cause behavior patterns that modify original behavior patterns. Meaning happens in social contexts. Objects do not have intrinsic meaning but only cause behavioral responses.
natural relation
Meaning can depend on natural and physical relations, independent of mind.
causes
Meaning can derive from causes and effects {causal theory of meaning}.
context
Meaningful messages carry context, which receivers use to decipher messages. Meaning can be only useful relative to systems of meanings or relationships. Meaning can be about effects on hearers or readers {tone, speech} {speech tone}, by context or intonation, to arouse, quiet, confuse, or understand. Meaning can be reference and sense understanding.
conventions
Cause-and-effect, similarity, and other relation concepts are social conventions {nomos}. Signs depend on social conventions and minds.
factors
Meaning can involve special factors or features. Factors can interact. Words, sentences, or paragraphs can have or not have factors or have them in different degrees.
mental states
Meaning can involve similarities and differences among mental states.
pattern recognition
Meaning can be pattern recognition. Objects have associated actions and attributes, which are necessary or sufficient conditions. Meaning is not perception, idea, description, or intention.
indexing
Meaning can involve indexing or labeling.
representation and movement correlation
Meaning can be relations that correlate changes or body movements with brain-representation changes. Perception and action always correlate. Motor behaviors and sense generalizations and distinctions evolved in tandem. Decisions depend on meaning.
association
Meaning can be relations among situations, events, or objects and so are classifications or associations. Distinguishing signs can carry meaning about something else, such as act of fleeing. Distinguishing marks can have meaning by convention, such as the word "flee". Meaning can be all words or object associations.
sense qualities
Sense qualities provide symbol references and meaning. Feelings and perceptions have meaning based on sense qualities. Concepts have meaning derived from feelings and perceptions.
shapes
Meaning can derive from similarities of written shapes to natural shapes {picture theory of meaning}.
sounds
Meaning can derive from speech-sound and natural-sound similarities {onomatopoeic theory of meaning}.
symbol
Symbol meaning can be relations to other symbols, which include perceptual, behavioral, and logical information. On the other hand, because symbols themselves have no meaning, relations among symbols have no meaning. Perhaps, semantic data is only syntax and representation, because everything follows laws.
sentence meaning
Sentence meaning is new information about environment. Sentence context, including grammar, determines information and changes with new sentences or words.
statement meaning
Statements are either true or false, must not be vague or ambivalent, must not be paradoxes, and must refer to existing things and events. However, most seeming statements are not statements, because they use words with different meanings in different contexts.
propositions
Meaning can be propositional statements about objects. Meaning can be about sentence types: command, statement, or question.
Meaning is about kinship, color, flora, fauna, weights, measures, military, money, morals, or aesthetics {domain, meaning} {meaning domain}.
Brain has innate fundamental concepts and combination and inference rules {meaning postulate}. Innate grammar has paradigm and syntax and can construct new sense perceptions, beliefs, and memories.
Attribute or characteristic sets {property list} can give word meaning. Properties do not change, do not interact, and are separate and independent.
Meaning is communication, speaking, writing, and social-interaction uses {use theory of meaning}.
Mental processes {comprehension, linguistics} find language meaning.
Speakers code understanding of physical and social world into mental representations {conceptual structure, semantics}, including perceptions and behavioral patterns. Conceptual structure is independent of language.
Children and adults interpret what they hear based on current situation, speaker intention, and audience {context, semantics}. If they understand situation, they can use language appropriate to that situation.
First-person judgments {first-person judgment} are judgments about humans in general, not just about speaker.
Denotation relates word or phrase to world part, aspect, or situation {reference, semantics}. All languages refer to things and events. Different symbolic representations can use different languages [Black, 1962] [Butterfield, 1986] [Chomsky, 2000] [Deacon, 1997] [Fodor and Lepore, 1992] [Fodor, 1975] [Fodor, 1987] [Fodor, 1990] [Fodor, 1994] [Geschwind and Levitsky, 1972] [Gunderson, 1975] [Lakoff, 1987] [Loewer and Rey, 1991] [Millikan, 1984] [Millikan, 1993] [Pinker, 1997] [Peacocke, 1983] [Pinker, 2002] [Rey, 1991] [Rey, 1993].
Demonstratives {demonstrative} involving perception have no direct reference or sense to another person. Demonstratives involving first person have direct reference and sense to person. Demonstratives involving second persons, third persons, or objects require sense to determine meaning.
Contexts, words, or phrases have references {intension, semantics}| {intensionality}. Intensional things do not have to be true or exist. In languages {intensional language}, extension can fail, because context does not allow identical sets to substitute. Contexts, words, or phrases also have sense or meaning.
Children learn difference between "you" and "I" and so self {person, semantics}. Children learn about themselves by understanding their relations to other things, not just by association, imitation, or frequency.
Dani (New Guinea) has two colors {color words}: black-blue-green {cool color} and white-red-yellow {warm color}. Languages can have three colors: black, white, and red-yellow. Languages can have four colors: black, blue-green, white, and red-yellow. English has black, brown, purple (violet), blue, green, yellow, orange, red, pink, white, and gray. Russian has black, brown, purple (violet), blue, light blue {goluboy}, green, yellow, orange, red, pink, white, and gray. There is no known physiological basis for these categories.
References can be about signals that bring referent to mind without causing response {conceptual reference, semantics}, such as category words.
References can be about signals that imitate referent {mimetic reference, semantics}, such as same sounds.
References can be about signals that indicate sign {proxy reference, semantics}, such as alarm calls.
Objects and events {token, semantics} can persist over time, cause phenomena, and be category members. Tokens refer to category, show category-member uses, and define category. Tokens referring to physical objects have many predicates.
Tokens of "I" refer to whoever produced them {token-reflexive rule}. "I" produces both word "I" and concept "I". References of tokens of "I" refer to token, so token-reflexives cannot identify persons.
Propositions represent situations. Propositions overlap {argument overlap} results in understanding.
Environments allow some things and do not allow others {asymmetric counterfactual dependence}, and things have relations. Thoughts causally depend on relations among things.
Statements are either true or false {bivalence}.
Correct signs can have more than one meaning {fallacy of equivocation} {equivocation fallacy}. Signs with more than one meaning can cause errors in thought and language.
Predicates denote subject or set properties {extension, semantics}.
Formal systems can study semantics {formal semantics}. Formal model-theoretic semantics can create models that make language true. Truth-theoretic semantics can find statements that are true for all models. Semantics {possible world semantics} can create fictional models. Situation semantics can study communicators and communication situations.
Meaningful relations {semantic relations} include pairs: origin-destination, action-actor, difference-cause, recipient-method, motive-obstacle, trajectory-instrument, object-vehicle, and time-place [Bilgrami, 1992].
Words and phrases differ {semantic differential} in goodness or badness, strength or weakness, activity or passivity, sentence position, and relation to other words.
Word sets can have common factors {semantic component}. Words have semantic components. No semantic component is in all languages. Language independently determines semantic components.
Objects {homologue}| can have similar structure.
Defining words {definition, semantics} {verbal definition} makes well-formed sound sets and points to objects. Objects have previously caused mental concepts to form in minds through visual or aural sense qualities. Mental concepts are word meaning. However, images are not necessarily concepts, thus requiring additional verbal information.
Words can have circular definitions. Words can have legal definitions.
parts
Definitions can have essential portions {class, definition} and auxiliary portions {modifier, definition}. However, many words cannot be so defined. Words can require several essential or auxiliary parts.
Word sense or context {connotation, semantics}| involves space, time, causes, actions, purposes, explanations, and problems.
References {denotation, definition}| relates words or phrases to world part, aspect, or situation.
To show properties, definition can use examples or sample objects {ostensive definition, semantics}| {explanation by examples}. Ostensive definition can prove supposedly a-priori synthetic statements.
Metaphors {metaphor, semantics} make analogies between two situations.
context
Context explains metaphor, because metaphor purpose was about context, not metaphor's usual meaning.
similarity
Metaphors use similarities between functions and structures, means and ends, conclusions and premises, effects and causes, and bodies and supports.
understanding
Understanding metaphorical language involves different language processes than comprehending literal language. Processes look at context, note that context does not allow literal word interpretation, and look for analogies, metaphors, and figurative language.
Meaning arises from actual-topic and analogous-topic interaction {interaction metaphor}.
Poetic or ornamental language can replace literal language {substitution metaphor}.
Representations represent as evolution designed them to do {bio-functionalism}.
Relation to behavior and/or evolution cause statements to have meaning {biosemantics}.
Brain grammars {Cognitive Grammar} and semantics {Cognitive Semantics} can relate mental representations to language. Cognitive Grammar has rules to link syntactic categories {readjustment rule}, to link syntax and meaning {projection rule}, to link linguistic to non-linguistic concepts {correspondence rule, semantics}, and to infer concepts from other concepts logically, pragmatically, and heuristically.
Word meanings are uses in situations {empirical semantics}.
Meaning depends on possible cognitive uses {functional role semantics} {conceptual role semantics} {inferential role semantics} {procedural semantics}.
To interpret texts, imagining others' experiences, in other locations and times, allows understanding of word and phrase meanings {hermeneutics}|. Physical data alone cannot explain human action, which needs mental-state analysis and interpretation. In studying and understanding, it is important to know writing style, intended audience, problem, and social and historical context. Writing can be formal or informal.
People are entities that make signs {semiotic materialism}: "You are what speaks you."
Sentence meaning is conditions that make sentence true {truth-conditional semantics} {model-theoretic semantics} {Situation Semantics}. Only whole sentences have meaning.
Composition and derivation {parasynthesis} can form words.
Words can have up to three open arguments {conceptual structure, word} {word, conceptual structure}. First argument is entity, such as event, object, or place. Second argument is token or type of event, object, or place. Third argument is relation.
Word parts {kernel, word} hold basic meaning.
Word changes can make words similar to familiar words, without regard to meaning or real etymology {folk etymology}.
People make dictionaries and definitions {lexicography, words}|.
People study words used in subjects {terminology}|.
Average adult English-speaker knows ten to fifteen thousand object names {vocabulary, word}|.
Words {acronym}| can have first letters of phrase words.
Words {antonym}| can mean the opposite of another word.
Words {cognate word} in different languages can have same root.
Words {doublet word} can derive from same word but be different in meaning.
Words {eponym}| can sound similar.
Same word spellings {heteronym}| can have different meanings and/or sounds.
Words {homonym}| can have same spelling and pronunciation as another word but have different meaning.
Words {paronym}| can derive from same word but have different meanings.
People can use names {pseudonym}| instead of real names.
Words {synonym, word}| can mean the same as other words.
Made-up words {ghost word} can have errors in construction.
Words {loan word} can come from another language.
Words {neologism, word}| can be new or have new usages.
Words {partitive, parts}, such as "some", can denote parts.
Names {patronymic}| can identify father.
Terms {natural kind} can be person names or natural substances.
Terms {rigid designator}, such as person names or natural substances, can always mean same thing in physical and all other worlds.
Physical objects or events {symbol, language} can cause perceptions that label, index, suggest, or reference other perceptions or concepts.
form
Nothing is intrinsically a symbol. Symbols can be diagrams, icons, physical objects, indexes, or names. Symbols can be singular terms, like proper nouns. Symbols can denote classes, like common nouns. Symbols can describe, like adjectives. Symbols can equate, like intransitive verbs.
form: goals
Symbol clusters can be goals, rewards, emotions, and memories. Emotions are symbolic reactions to symbol-cluster changes. Rewards are symbolic consequences of reaching goals.
cause
Marks or signs can stand for other objects and events by resemblance, through cause and effect, or by physical or mental connection. Symbols reference mental representations by rules, such as shape similarity, or by conventions, such as previous cultural references.
properties
Symbols indicate objects and events. Symbols are signs, not what they physically are. Symbols are never more important than objects. Symbols are not concepts or definitions. Symbols have no meaning by themselves.
relation
Symbol-object relationships are one-way. Objects do not reference symbols.
system
Symbol sets can form reference systems, such as alphabets. Symbol sets can add rules to make languages for applying symbols.
Proper nouns {singular term} can designate particular objects.
Writing {writing system} can use pictograms in pictography, logograms in logography, or abstract signs in linear writing. Alphabet letters or characters have basic shapes.
Logograms can denote sounds {rebus principle}|. Added symbols can indicate intended words.
Lines can alternate direction {boustrophedon}, always go left, always go right, go up and down, or always go down.
First word sounds can be alphabet letters {acrophony, writing} {acrophonetic writing}. The first alphabet, Semitic, is an example.
People study writing {grammatology}.
People study writing systems {graphemis}.
People study phonetic, syllabic, logographic, or ideographic alphabets {orthography}|.
People study old writing systems {paleography}.
People can list written syllables {syllabary}.
Machine-typing methods {stenography}| can reduce number of letters for common words, to speed recording.
Handwriting methods {tachygraphy} {shorthand} can reduce number of letters for common words, to speed recording.
Smooth flowing simplified handwriting {cursive writing}| is for everyday use.
Metal, stone, and clay have writing {epigraphy}.
Writing {monumental writing} can be on buildings and in official documents.
Writing systems {alphabet, writing} use units that depend on sounds {phonetic alphabet, writing system}, syllables {syllabic alphabet, writing system}, or words {ideographic alphabet, writing system}.
Arabic language uses a cursive alphabet {Arabic alphabet}, with words written right to left. Persian language uses Arabic alphabet plus four characters.
Aramaic language developed an early alphabet {Aramaic alphabet}.
In Bulgaria, Cyril and Methodius derived a new alphabet {Cyrillic alphabet} from Greek, as they translated Bible from Greek into local languages in 9th century. Russia, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Ukraine use Cyrillic alphabet.
In India, Sanskrit and Hindi in India use a script {Devanagaii script}.
Ethiopian language has a distinctive alphabet {Ethiopian alphabet}.
German language uses Roman alphabet {Germanic alphabet} plus special letters, such as ß.
Early Slavic languages used an alphabet {Glagolitic alphabet}.
In Bulgaria [300 to 400], bishop Ulfilas invented an alphabet {Gothic alphabet}.
Alphabet {Greek alphabet} letters [-800] can be alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi, omicron, pi, rho, sigma, tau, upsilon, phi, chi, psi, omega. Letters have uppercase and lowercase. Though a non-Indo-European language, Etruscan used Greek alphabet.
Hebrew language uses a distinctive alphabet {Hebrew alphabet}.
Minoan syllabary {Linear A alphabet} had syllable symbols.
Mycenae syllabary {Linear B alphabet} symbols were syllables with one consonant and one vowel. Mycenaeans introduced Linear B writing after they conquered Crete.
In Ireland [300 to 400], alphabet {ogham} was linear.
Old Persian [-200] used a script {Pehlevi alphabet}.
Phoenicia had first linear alphabet {Phoenician alphabet} {West-Semitic alphabet} [-1700].
In Italy [-700 to -600], alphabet {Roman alphabet} {Etruscan alphabet} was linear.
Early Germanic tribes developed signs {rune, letter}|. First six runic-alphabet letters are f, u, th, a, r, and k {futhark}.
Sequoia or Sequoyah invented a syllabary {Cherokee alphabet} in North Carolina [1820].
Easter Island had logograms {Easter Island alphabet}.
Hittite language had hieroglyphic logograms {Hieroglyphic Hittite}.
In Egypt [-3000], ideograph logograms {hieroglyphics, alphabet} were for consonants.
In Indus Valley [-2200], alphabet {Indus Valley alphabet} had logograms, not yet deciphered.
In Mexico, alphabet had logograms {Mayan glyphs}.
In Elam, alphabet had logograms {proto-Elamite alphabet}.
In south Mexico, Zapotec language had logograms {Zapotec alphabet}.
In Korea [1446], king Sejong invented script {han'gul}.
Chinese can use cursive ideography {hiragana}.
Japanese can use formal syllable-writing system {kana}.
Japanese can use syllable-writing system {kana majiri}. Because it comes from hiragana, Chinese-ideogram translations use kana majiri.
Japanese syllable-writing systems {kanji} can have logograms.
Japanese syllable-writing system {katakana}, derived from Chinese ideograms, is for official documents and science.
Writing systems {ideographic alphabet, writing}| can use units about objects, not sounds.
Writing systems {linear writing} can use sound-sign series.
Writing systems {logography} can use logograms.
Writing systems {phonetic alphabet, sounds}| can use units about sounds.
Writing systems {pictography}| can use pictograms.
Writing systems {syllabic alphabet, linguistics} can use logograms about syllables.
Alphabets can have word-like signs {glyph, sign}|.
In ancient Egypt, pictographs {hieroglyph, picture}| represented words or syllables.
Figures {ideogram}| {ideograph} can be for objects or symbols, not sounds. Ideograms can have added unpronounced semantic signs to denote categories.
Writing can have non-phonetic signs {isotype} of universal meaning.
Pictured objects {logogram}| can represent objects or sounds. Logograms can represent first word sounds {acrophony, logogram}.
Pictograms {petroglyph}| can be on rocks.
In Chinese, symbols {phonetic, symbol} {phonetic complement} within compound ideographs can suggest pronunciation.
Pictures {pictogram}| can denote objects and sounds.
Letters can be full-size {uppercase} or smaller {lowercase} {case, writing}.
Words can use apostrophe to show letters that were left out {contraction, word} {word contraction}.
Two letters can link {ligature, writing}| to improve appearance: ae, fi, ff, fl, oe, and tt.
Two letters {digraph} {diphthong, letter}| can represent one sound.
Three letters {triphthong} can represent one sound.
Z {zed}.
Letters can have additions {diacritical mark}| to basic shapes.
A Russian letter {hard sign}, replaceable by apostrophe, is mute and is only in word middles. Bulgarian pronounces hard sign in word middles but not at word ends.
Russian, Ukrainian, and Bulgarian have mute sign {soft sign}, with preceding consonant palatalized.
& {ampersand}|.
& {and symbol}.
* {asterisk}|.
@ {each symbol} {at symbol}|.
> {broad arrow}.
% {care of}| {account of}.
¢ {cents}|.
(c) {copyrighted}|.
+ {cross symbol}|.
† {dagger}|.
-- {dash symbol}|.
$ {dollar}|.
‡ {double dagger}|.
"..." {double quotation mark}|.
&c. {etc.} {and so on}.
hand with pointing index finger {index symbol}|.
# {number symbol}|.
% {percent symbol}|.
| {pipe symbol}|.
(R) {registered trademark}|.
§ {section symbol}|.
Tilde can have position like dash {swung dash}.
(TM) {trademark}|.
' {apostrophe symbol}|.
Virgule can slant in opposite direction {backward slash} {backslash}|.
Brackets can be curly {brace symbol}|.
[] {bracket symbol}| {square bracket symbol}.
: {colon symbol}|.
... {ellipsis symbol}|.
! {exclamation point}|.
Statements can end with a mark {full stop} {period symbol}.
- {hyphen}|.
paragraph {paragraph symbol}|.
() {parentheses}|.
Questions end with ? {question mark}|.
"" {quotation mark}|.
; {semicolon}|.
' {single quotation mark}|.
/ {virgule} {slant bar}.
/ {slash}| {solidus, slash} {shilling, symbol}.
Half-circle above space and half-circle below space {close space sign} mean close space.
/ {delete sign} means delete character struck through.
^ {insert sign} means insert above caret.
Signs {move sign} mean move farther to left or right: [ ].
paragraph {paragraph sign} means start new paragraph.
# {pound sign} means insert space.
´ {accent aigue}.
` {accent grave}.
´ {acute accent}|.
Symbols {breve} over vowels can indicate shortened sound.
^ {caret}|.
ç {cedilla}|.
^ {chevron}|.
^ {circumflex}|.
Marks {diacritic}| added to basic letters can change phonemes.
` {grave accent}|.
Long line {macron} over vowel indicates lengthened sound.
Diacritical marks {quantity mark} can show quantitative accents. Macron is long. Breve is short.
~ {tilde}|.
¨ {umlaut}| {diaeresis} {trema}.
_ {vinculum symbol} {underscore}|.
Good luck charms {good luck charms} include shaking hands with chimney sweeps, rolling 7 on two dice, crossing fingers, and finding four-leaf clovers. Charms include horseshoes, horseshoe nail rings, Kewpie dolls, rabbit's feet, three monkeys, 4's, 7's, teddy bears, toadstools, and wishing wells.
Ribbons {ribbons, contests} for contests are blue ribbon for first place, red ribbon for second place, white ribbon for third place, and other color ribbon for fourth place.
3 {three of completion} is for beginning, middle, and end.
eternity {8 symbol}.
evil {9 symbol}.
quality {A-1 symbol}.
distress signal {SOS symbol}.
victory {V sign}.
Eye {all-seeing eye} in triangle in circle is for vigilance.
beginning and end {alpha and omega symbol}.
cross with top loop {ankh}|.
bondage {ball and chain symbol}.
democracy {ballot box symbol}.
nihilism or terrorism {bomb symbol}.
knowledge {book and candle symbol}.
unity {bundle of arrows symbol}.
knowledge {burning torch symbol}.
Medicine symbol has two snakes around pole {caduceus}|.
peace {calumet symbol}.
eternity {circle symbol}.
socialism {clasped hands symbol}.
abundance {cornucopia symbol}.
monarchy {crown and scepter symbol}.
domesticity {distaff symbol}.
thoughtfulness {eye and nose symbol}.
unity {fasces symbol}.
war {fire and sword symbol}.
quality {five stars}.
papal authority {flabellum}.
vigilance {gargoyle symbol}.
democratic government {gavel symbol}.
beginning {gong symbol}.
safety {green cross}.
Nazism {hakenkreuz} {swastika}.
Communism {hammer and sickle}.
time {hourglass symbol}.
eternity {infinite cross}.
beginning and end {Janus symbol}.
nurse {lamp symbol}.
democratic government {mace symbol}.
Masks {comedy mask} {mask of comedy}| can have smiles.
Masks {tragedy mask} {mask of tragedy}| can have frowns.
precision {micrometer symbol}.
truth {mirror symbol}.
pharmacology {mortar and pestle symbol}|.
evil {nine gates of hell symbol}.
monarchy {orb with top cross symbol}.
painting {palette symbol}|.
freedom {Phrygian cap symbol}.
thriftiness {piggy bank symbol}.
stability {pillar symbol}.
threat {raised fist symbol}.
freedom {raised gun}.
truth {raised torch}.
barber {red and white striped pole}.
first aid {red cross}.
take medicine {Rx symbol}|.
justice {scales with sword}|.
poison {skull and crossbones}|.
threat {skull and dagger symbol}.
time {sundial symbol}.
pawnbroker {three balls symbol}.
theocracy {tiara and keys symbol}.
stability {tower symbol}.
progress {triskellion}.
divine power of Oriental leader {umbrella symbol}.
inconstancy {weathervane symbol}.
inconstancy {whirlagig symbol}.
cowardice {white feather symbol}.
idealism {windmill symbol}.
bondage {yoke symbol}.
epilogue {Amor}.
peace {angel, symbol}.
Germany {Cousin Michael}.
fame {Fama}.
New York City {Father Knickerbocker}.
transience {Father Time}.
death {Grim Reaper}.
Russia {Ivan symbol}.
England as cartoon person {John Bull}.
justice {Justitia}.
seduction {Lorelei}.
France {Marianne}.
devil {Mephistopheles}.
prologue {Pagliacci}.
prohibition {parson with umbrella symbol}.
USA revolution {Spirit of '76}.
courage {St. George symbol}.
USA as cartoon person {Uncle Sam}.
diligence {ant symbol}.
strength {bear symbol}.
diligence {beaver symbol}.
industry {beehive symbol}.
tenacity {bulldog symbol}.
strength {bull symbol}.
inconstancy {butterfly symbol}.
vigilance {Cerberus symbol}.
perseverance {crab symbol}.
falsity {crocodile symbol}.
peace or innocence {dove symbol}.
vigilance {dragon}.
courage {eagle symbol}.
slyness {fox symbol}.
courage {Gallic cock symbol}.
vigilance {griffin symbol}.
innocence {lamb symbol}.
courage {lion symbol}.
stubbornness {mule symbol}.
wisdom {owl symbol}.
vanity {peacock symbol, vanity}.
eternity {Serpent Ouroboras biting tail to make circle}.
evil {serpent symbol}.
thriftiness {squirrel symbol}.
courage {tiger symbol, courage}.
virginity {unicorn symbol, virginity}.
magnitude {whale symbol}.
perfection {white swan symbol}.
vigilance {wivern}.
virginity {almond symbol}.
victory {laurel symbol}.
virginity {lily symbol}.
victory {oak branch symbol}.
peace {olive branch symbol}.
peace {palm leaf symbol}.
achievement {palm symbol}.
fame {wreath symbol}, with or without trumpet.
piracy {Jolly Roger}.
explosives or revolution {red flag symbol}.
truce or surrender {white flag symbol}.
quarantine {yellow flag symbol}.
invisibility {hand of glory}.
stylized alphabet {magic alphabet}.
invulnerability {mandrake symbol}.
{Satan's ram}.
augury {birds symbol}.
gastromancy {crystal ball symbol}.
pyromancy {fire symbol}.
chiromancy {palms symbol}.
augury {serpents symbol}.
capnomancy {smoke symbol}.
necromancy {spirits of the dead symbol}.
astrology {stars symbol}.
future {tea leaves symbol}.
hydromancy {water symbol}.
aeromancy {wind symbol}.
Alchemic substances have symbols {alchemic symbols}.
{crucified rose}.
{crucified serpent}.
{dragon of elements}.
{fountain of youth}.
{hermetic citadel}.
{hermetic sigil}.
Cards {Tarot cards} can add to the ordinary 52 to make 78 cards. Trump cards are for human attributes, desires, or events in life, such as Love trump, Devil trump, and Star trump. Four aces include rods for action, swords for struggle, cups for family, and pences for money. The Fool or Matto is the wild card. Tarot began in Milan, Italy, and Ferrara, Italy [1400 to 1500].
longevity and happiness {bat symbol}.
longevity {cranes symbol}.
good fortune and royalty {dragon symbol}.
{geomancer's compass}.
eight diagrams {geomantic diagrams}.
sixty-four hexagons {geomantic hexagons}.
Symbol against evil has a symbol {pah-kwa} on one side, a symbol {Monade} on other side, and yin-yang in middle.
peace and prosperity {phoenix symbol}.
longevity {pine tree symbol}.
creation {serpent symbol for creation}.
fortune and wealth {three-legged toad symbol}.
good gambling luck {tiger symbol, China}.
long life {tortoise symbol}.
long life and fecundity {unicorn symbol, China}.
creation-principle {yin-yang symbol}.
wheel of good law {horin-rimbo}.
sacred knot of longevity {nade-takara-nusubi}.
Japan {rising sun symbol}.
love, health, and wealth {three keys symbol}.
Shinto universe-revolution symbol {tomoye}.
Shinto purification symbol {torii symbol}.
Languages {languages} are national.
English has abbreviations, adjectives, nouns, and verbs {English language}.
agriculture and manufacturing {A and M}.
also known as {a.k.a.}.
ante meridiem {a.m.}.
alcoholics anonymous {AA}.
American Automobile Association {AAA}.
Amateur Athletic Union {AAU}.
bachelor of arts, or Alberta {AB}.
American Bar Association {ABA}.
abbreviation {abbr.}.
American Broadcasting Company {ABC}.
abridged {abr.}.
air conditioning {a/c}.
alternating current {ac}.
anno domini {AD, year}.
administration {Adm.}.
advertisement {adv.}.
air force {AF}.
air force base {AFB}.
American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organizations {AFL-CIO}.
agent {agt.}.
American Kennel Club {AKC}.
American Medical Association {AMA}.
amount {amt.}.
anonymous {anon.}.
Associated Press {AP}.
all points bulletin {APB}.
army post office {APO}.
approximately {approx.}.
apartment {apt.}.
arrivals {ar.}.
arrivals {arr.}.
as soon as possible {ASAP}.
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers {ASCAP}.
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals {ASPCA}.
association {assn.}.
assistant {asst.}.
attorney {att.}.
attention {attn.}.
auxiliary {aux.}.
avoirdupois {avdp.}.
avenue {Ave.}.
average {avg.}.
absent without leave {AWOL}.
barn {b, barn}.
bachelor of arts {BA}.
Better Business Bureau {BBB}.
British Broadcasting Company {BBC}.
before Christ {BC}.
building {bldg.}.
boulevard {blvd.}.
big man on campus {BMOC}.
body odor {BO}.
biochemical oxygen demand {BOD}.
blood pressure {BP}.
brothers {bros.}.
bull shit {BS}.
Boy Scouts of America {BSA}.
bureau {bu.}.
black and white {b/w}.
Chamber of Commerce {C of C}.
Civil Aeronautics Board {CAB}.
calories {cal.}.
captain {Capt.}.
Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere {CARE}.
Canadian Broadcasting Company {CBC}.
Columbia Broadcasting Company {CBS}.
cubic centimeters {cc}.
counterclockwise {ccw}.
certificate of deposit or compact disc {CD}.
commander {Cdr.}.
Central Intelligence Agency {CIA}.
corporation {cie.}.
care of {c/o}.
commanding officer {CO}.
company {co.}.
cash on delivery {COD}.
certified public accountant {CPA}.
centimeters per second {cps}.
call to quarters {CQ}.
customer relations management {CRM}.
chief of staff {c/s}.
cerebrospinal fluid {CSF}.
count {ct.}.
center {ctr.}.
cubic {cu.}.
clockwise {cw.}.
hundredweight {cwt.}.
cylinder {cyl.}.
district attorney {DA}.
Daughters of the American Revolution {DAR}.
double {dbl.}.
demand draft or dishonorable discharge or doctor of divinity {DD}.
delivered {dd.}.
Doctor of Dental Science {DDS}.
department {dept.}.
design for manufacturability {DFM}.
disc jockey {DJ}.
dead letter office {DLO}.
down {dn.}.
dead on arrival {DOA}.
doctor {dr.}.
daylight saving time {DST}.
doctor of veterinary medicine {DVM}.
dozen {dz.}.
exempli gratia or for example {e.g.}.
each {ea.}.
editor {ed.}.
electronic design automation {EDA}.
eastern daylight time {EDT}.
eye ear nose and throat {EENT}.
electrocardiogram {EKG}.
elevation {el.}.
electromotive force {EMF}.
Eastern Standard Time {EST}.
et alia or and others {et al.}.
and following {et seq.}.
estimated time of arrival {ETA}.
example {ex.}.
exchange {exc.}.
Fahrenheit {F, Fahrenheit}.
Federal Aviation Authority {FAA}.
Federal Bureau of Investigation {FBI}.
Federal Communications Commission {FCC}.
fire department {FD}.
Food and Drug Administration {FDA}.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation {FDIC}.
following {ff.}.
Future Farmers of America {FFA}.
Federal Housing Authority {FHA}.
Federal Insurance Contribution Act {FICA}.
first in first out {FIFO}.
fluid {fl.}.
feet per second or frames per second {fps.}.
French {Fr.}.
frequency {freq.}.
freight {frt.}.
freeway {frwy.}.
foot {ft.}.
Federal Trade Commission {FTC}.
forward {fwd.}.
for your information {FYI}.
general agent {GA}.
gallon {gal.}.
General Accounting Office {GAO}.
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs {GATT}.
Greenwich Civil Time {GCT}.
general headquarters {GHQ}.
General Motors {GM}.
Greenwich Mean Time {GMT}.
grand old party {GOP}.
government {govt.}.
grade point average {GPA}.
gallons per minute {gpm.}.
Government Printing Office {GPO}.
general quarters {GQ}.
grade {gr.}.
General Services Administration {GSA}.
guaranteed {gtd.}.
headquarters {hdqrs.}.
hardware {hdwe.}.
high frequency {hf}.
her majesty's ship {HMS}.
honorable {hon.}.
horsepower {hp}.
headquarters {HQ}.
hour {hr.}.
high school {HS}.
height {ht.}.
highway {hwy.}.
id est or that is {i.e.}.
ibidem or same place {ib.}.
ibidem or same place {ibid.}.
intercontinental ballistic missile {ICBM}.
Interstate Commerce Commission {ICC}.
identification {ID}.
identification {id.}.
identification friend or foe {IFF}.
International Labor Organization {ILO}.
imperial gallon {imp.}.
inch {in.}.
included {inc.}.
industry {Ind.}.
institution {inst.}.
international {intl.}.
I owe you {IOU}.
infrared {IR}.
Internal Revenue Service {IRS}.
international units {IU}.
intrauterine device {IUD}.
intravenous {IV}.
junction {jct.}.
junior grade {jg}.
junior {jr.}.
junior varsity {JV}.
Knights of Columbus {K of C}.
kilocycles {kc}.
Ku Klux Klan {KKK}.
kitchen patrol {KP}.
kilowatts {kW}.
kilowatt hours {kwh}.
Library of Congress {L.C.}.
pound {lb.}.
large {lg.}.
last in first out {LIFO}.
lines {ll.}.
bachelor of law {LL.B.}.
doctor of law {LL.D.}.
place cited {loc. cit.}.
logarithm {log.}.
speaks or loquitur {loq.}.
liquefied petroleum gas {LPG}.
light {lt.}.
limited {ltd.}.
master of arts {MA}.
master of ceremonies {MC}.
medical doctor {MD}.
merchandise {mdse.}.
messieurs {Messrs.}.
manufactured {mfd}.
manufacturing {mfg.}.
manufacturer {mfr.}.
manager {mgr.}.
missing in action {MIA}.
miscellaneous {misc.}.
mademoiselle {Mlle}.
multilevel marketing {MLM}. People receive commissions from their own sales and from sales by people that they have recruited.
madame {Mme}.
month {mo.}.
military police {MP}.
miles per gallon {mpg}.
miles per hour {mph}.
manuscript {MS}.
monsignor {Msgr.}.
manuscript {MSS}.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People {NAACP}.
National Association of Manufacturers {NAM}.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration {NASA}.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization {NATO}.
note bene or note well {NB}.
National Basketball Association {NBA}.
National Broadcasting Company {NBC}.
National Bureau of Standards {NBS}.
National Collegiate Athletic Association {NCAA}.
non-commissioned officer {NCO}.
National Endowment for the Arts {NEA}.
National Football League {NFL}.
National Hockey League {NHL}.
National Labor Relations Board {NLRB}.
number {no.}.
numbers {nos.}.
notary public {NP}.
National Security Council {NSC}.
National Science Foundation {NSF}.
net weight {nt. wt.}.
northwest {NW}.
New York City {NYC}.
New York Stock Exchange {NYSE}.
on or about {o/a}.
Organization of American States {OAS}.
obiter or incidentally {ob.}.
officer commanding {OC}.
Officer Candidate School {OCS}.
on demand or overdraft {o/d}.
optometry doctor or officer of the day {OD}.
opposite or operation {op.}.
work cited {op. cit.}.
opposite {opp.}.
ordinary seaman {OS}.
out of stock {o/s}.
ounce {oz.}.
post meridiem {p.m.}.
public address {PA}.
Police Athletic League {PAL}.
private branch exchange {PBX}.
percent {pct}.
police department {PD}.
paid {pd.}.
pretty damn quick {PDQ}.
private first class {Pfc.}.
page {pg.}.
Professional Golfers Association {PGA}.
philosophy doctor {Ph.D.}.
Public Health Service {PHS}.
pajamas {pj}.
park {pk}.
package {pkg.}.
parkway {pkwy}.
place or plural {pl.}.
post meridiem {PM}.
post office {PO}.
port of entry {POE}.
prisoner of war {POW}.
pages {pp.}.
post paid {ppd.}.
pages per inch or pixels per inch {PPI} {ppi}.
post postscript {PPS}.
public relations {PR}.
pair or present {pr.}.
post script {PS}.
pint {pt.}.
Parent-Teacher Association {PTA}.
private {Pvt.}.
power {pwr.}.
quart or quarter {q, quart}.
secretly {q.t.}.
which see or quod vide {q.v.}.
proved {QED}.
quarter master {QM}.
secret, or on the quiet {QT}.
quart {qt.}.
rear admiral {RAdm.}.
red blood cell {RBC}.
Red Cross or Roman Catholic {RC}.
rural delivery {RD}.
road {rd.}.
received {recd.}.
regular or regent or registered {reg.}.
rural free delivery {RFD}.
request for proposal {RFP}.
rest in peace {RIP}.
room {rm.}.
registered nurse {RN}.
reserve officer training corps {ROTC}.
revolutions per second {rps}.
railroad {RR}.
right {rt.}.
route {rte}.
railway {rwy}.
Salvation Army {SA}.
Strategic Air Command {SAC}.
Society of Automotive Engineers {SAE}.
science bachelor {SB}.
Small Business Administration {SBA}.
science doctor {Sc.D.}.
southeast {SE}.
Securities and Exchange Commission {SEC}.
section {sec.}.
section {sect.}.
secretary {secy.}.
sequence {seq.}.
sequentia or the following {seqq.}.
science fiction {sf}.
sergeant {Sgt.}.
Society of Jesus {SJ}.
small {sm.}.
standard operating procedure {SOP}.
special {sp.}.
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals {SPCA}.
Senate and People of Rome {SPQR}.
senior {sr.} {Sr.}.
standing room only {SRO}.
Selective Service System {SSS}.
street or saint {St.}.
standard {std.}.
southwest {SW}.
ton {t}.
tablespoon {tbs.}.
technical knockout {TKO}.
tender loving care {TLC}.
transcendental meditation {TM}.
ton {tn}.
turnpike {tpk.}.
transitive or translated {tr.}.
teaspoon {tsp.}.
television {TV}.
Tennessee Valley Authority {TVA}.
township {twp.}.
union or university {U, university}.
United States {U.S.}.
United Auto Workers {UAW}.
ultra high frequency {uhf}.
United Kingdom {UK}.
Underwriters Laboratories {UL}.
United Mine Workers {UMW}.
United Nations {UN}.
United Nations Economic and Social and Cultural Organization {UNESCO}.
United Nations International Children's Fund {UNICEF}.
United Press International {UPI}.
United States Air Force {USAF}.
United States Coast Guard {USCG}.
United States Department of Agriculture {USDA}.
United States information Agency {USIA}.
United States Lawn Tennis Association {USLTA}.
United States Marine Corps {USMC}.
United States Navy {USN}.
United Service Organization {USO}.
United States Pharmacopoeia {USP}.
United States Ship {USS}.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics {USSR}.
usually {usu.}.
ultraviolet {UV}.
underwriter {UW}.
velocity or volt {v, volt}.
Veterans Administration {VA}.
venereal disease {VD}.
veteran or veterinary {vet}.
volunteer fire department {VFD}.
Veterans of Foreign Wars {VFW}.
very important person {VIP}.
see {viz.}.
vice president {VP}.
versus {vs.}.
vertical takeoff and landing {VTOL}.
vice versa {vv.}.
work or week or width {w, width}.
Women's Army Corps {WAC}.
Women in Air Force {WAF}.
Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service {WAVES}.
white blood cell {WBC}.
water closet {WC}.
Women's Christian Temperance Union {WCTU}.
wholesale {whsle.}.
week {wk.}.
without {w/o}.
Works Progress Administration {WPA}.
words per minute {wpm}.
weight {wt.}.
world war {WW}.
Christ {X, Christ}.
extra large {XL}.
yard {yd.}.
Young Men's Christian Association {YMCA}.
year {yr.}.
Young Women's Christian Association {YWCA}.
Adjectives are about amount, personal traits, space, time, and states {adjective, English} {English, adjective}.
somewhat large {appreciable}.
two parts {bicameral}.
high-priced {big-ticket}.
plentiful {bountiful} {bounteous}.
having large space {capacious}.
having large space {cavernous}.
large {copious}.
additive {cumulative}.
large {elephantine}.
encompassing all information types {encyclopedic}.
countable, limited {finite}.
top ranking {five-star}.
large {hulking}.
too small to sense {imperceptible}.
negligible {inappreciable}.
too many to count {incalculable}.
too small to sense {indiscernible, small}.
too high to give value to {inestimable}.
too many to count {innumerable}.
very small {insubstantial}.
seeable without microscope {macroscopic}.
small {miniature}.
small {minuscule}.
large unified thing {monolithic}.
having many {multitudinous}.
having many {myriad}.
item numbered n in series {nth}.
small {paltry}.
empty {vacant}.
having large volume {voluminous}.
concentrating {absorbed}.
ridiculous {absurd, ridiculous}.
abstaining {abstemious}.
harsh {acerbic}.
unyielding {adamant}.
rich {affluent}.
wronged {aggrieved}.
appalled {aghast}.
related through father {agnate}.
nude {alfresco}.
sexually loving {amatory}.
able to use both hands equally {ambidextrous}.
undecided {ambivalent}.
walking {ambulatory, walking}.
seeking and giving sexual love {amorous}.
gangly {angular}.
responsible {answerable}.
perceiving only from human viewpoint {anthropocentric}.
attributing human characteristics to other things {anthropomorphic}.
against church doctrine {anticlerical}.
not political {apolitical}.
eager {ardent}.
lacking blood in skin {ashen}.
stating preferences strongly {assertive}.
old-fashioned {atavistic}.
bold {audacious}.
living simply {austere}.
from same person {autogenous}.
opposed {averse}.
uncle-like {avuncular}.
small {beady}.
young {beardless}.
able to behave sexually as man or woman {bisexual}.
brash {brassy}.
assertive {bumptious}.
massive {burly}.
having large breasts {buxom}.
sensual {carnal}.
meat eating {carnivorous}.
not engaging in sexual intercourse {celibate}.
usually thinking {cerebral}.
impertinent {cheeky}.
about clergy or clerking {clerical}.
certain {cocksure}.
frisky {coltish}.
come-here {come-hither}.
shared {communal}.
yielding {compliant}.
working together {concerted}.
being born with {congenital}.
about marriage {conjugal}.
about marriage {connubial}.
related {consanguineous}.
mutually agreed {consensual}.
thoughtful {considerate}.
able to wait for urination {continent, control}.
repentant {contrite}.
succeeding {coping}.
about body {corporeal}.
shy {coy}.
dispirited {crestfallen}.
gruff {crusty}.
about skin {cutaneous}.
accepting defeat {defeatist}.
gesturing {demonstrative, gesturing}.
having no hope {despairing}.
poor {destitute}.
directionless {desultory}.
uncaring {detached}.
carefree {devil-may-care}.
prayerful {devotional}.
tearful {dewy-eyed}.
timid {diffident}.
no longer loyal {disaffected}.
sad and hopeless {disconsolate}.
selective {discriminating}.
proud {disdainful}.
objective {disinterested}.
unperturbed {dispassionate}.
disheartened {dispirited}.
uneasiness {disquieted}.
female {distaff, female}.
passive {docile}.
sad {doleful}.
sad {dolorous}.
sad {dour}.
depressed {downbeat}.
plain or not colorful {drab}.
about dukes {ducal}.
dark {dusky}.
unchanging {dyed-in-the-wool}.
natural and common {earthy}.
happy {ebullient}.
radiant {effulgent}.
talkative {effusive}.
very happy {elated}.
roundabout {elliptical}.
struggling {embattled}.
bitter {embittered}.
hesitant {equivocal}.
about sexual desire {erogenous}.
about sexual desire {erotic}.
roving or immoral {errant}.
inconsistent {erratic}.
fantasizing {escapist}.
about cultures or races {ethnic}.
demanding {exacting}.
expecting {expectant}.
lively {exuberant}.
rejoicing {exultant}.
flippant {facetious}.
possibly in error {fallible}.
about family {familial}.
aggressive {feisty}.
ardent {fervent} {fervid}.
enchanted {fey}.
about children {filial}.
showy {flamboyant}.
joking {flippant}.
sworn previously {forsworn}.
bold {forward}.
about brothers {fraternal}.
distressed {fraught}.
working for oneself {free-lance}.
frantic {frenetic}.
playful {frolicsome}.
fleeting {fugitive}.
stealthy {furtive}.
talkative {garrulous}.
happy {gay}.
pompous {grandiloquent}.
acting grand {grandiose}.
pregnant {gravid}.
envious {green-eyed}.
sociable {gregarious}.
gray {grizzled}.
about taste {gustatory}.
about throat {guttural}.
livable {habitable}.
gaunt {haggard}.
hesitating {halting}.
downcast {hangdog}.
experienced {hard-bitten}.
tough {hard-boiled}.
always pursuing pleasure {hedonistic}.
plant eating {herbivorous}.
holding unorthodox beliefs {heretical}.
sexually involved only with opposite sex {heterosexual}.
hairy {hirsute}.
title {honorific}.
lustful {horny}.
able to wait to excrete outdoors {housebroken}.
pride {hubris}.
about weddings or marriages {hymeneal}.
causing sleep or fascination {hypnotic}.
devoted {idolatrous}.
passionate {impassioned}.
calm {impassive}.
poor {impecunious}.
commanding {imperious}.
not pious {impious}.
unyielding {implacable}.
not tactful {impolitic}.
not practical {impracticable}.
careless {improvident}.
located where one is not able to communicate {incommunicado}.
insensitive {indelicate}.
poor {indigent}.
random {indiscriminate}.
undefeatable {indomitable}.
unyielding {inexorable}.
motivated by one's own thoughts and feelings {inner-directed}.
enigmatic {inscrutable}.
unconscious {insensate}.
among relatives {internecine}.
in vein {intravenous}.
interjected but unwanted {intrusive}.
persisting {inveterate}.
angry {irate}.
unable to reach harmonious state between two parties {irreconcilable}.
undecided {irresolute}.
traveling {itinerant}.
desensitized {jaded}.
emotional {jaundiced}.
joking {jocose}.
joking {jocular}.
joking {jocund}.
very happy {jubilant}.
young {juvenile}.
handling with care {kid glove}.
strained {labored}.
crying easily {lachrymose}.
terse {laconic}.
lagging {laggard}.
unre-electable {lame duck}.
lazy {languid}.
lewd {lascivious}.
honored {laureate}.
heavy {leaden}.
lion-like {leonine}.
sexually desiring {libidinous}.
red in the face {livid}.
unwilling {loath}.
talkative {loquacious}.
desiring sexual activity {lusty}.
commanding {magisterial}.
always moving {migratory}.
imitative {mimetic}.
acting like manager {ministerial}.
working {moiling}.
monkish {monastic}.
rich {moneyed}.
mixed {mongrel}.
sarcastic, trenchant {mordant}.
about marriages between nobles and commoners in which spouse and children receive no titles {morganatic}.
dead {moribund}.
sad {morose}.
thinking {musing}.
about birth {natal}.
too patriotic {nationalistic}.
almost vomiting {nauseous}.
believing that values, ideas, and life are worthless {nihilistic}.
not choosing {non-committal}.
perplexed {nonplused}.
marriageable {nubile}.
about weddings {nuptial}.
giving nutrition {nutritive}.
able to do anything {omnificent}.
reveling {orgiastic}.
about bones {osseous}.
intellectual or imaginative {otherworldly}.
supporting faction {partisan}.
inactive {passive}.
father-like {paternalistic}.
about money {pecuniary}.
repentant {penitent}.
being thoughtful {pensive}.
doing without caring {perfunctory}.
believing situation will end badly {pessimistic}.
being afraid {phobic}.
being spotted {piebald}.
religious {pious}.
tending to cause pity {piteous}.
tending to cause pity {pitiable}.
drunk or eccentric {pixilated}.
mournful {plaintive}.
not sexual {platonic}.
common {plebeian}.
affecting {poignant}.
pre-teenaged {preadolescent}.
impressing {prepossessing}.
arrogant {presumptive}.
working class {proletarian}.
wordy {prolix}.
having more than one {promiscuous}.
horizontal {prone}.
protecting someone {protectionist}.
tending to arouse sexual feelings {prurient}.
undergoing sexual maturation {pubescent}.
acting like Puck {puckish}.
containing pus {purulent}.
short and stocky {pyknic}.
asking questions {querulous}.
being idealistic {quixotic}.
being puzzled {quizzical}.
being fanatical {rabid}.
being jaunty {raffish}.
being jaunty {rakish}.
being vertically straight {ramrod}.
paying attention {rapt}.
rough {raspy}.
noisy {raucous}.
acting sexy {raunchy}.
hungry {ravenous}.
being beautiful {ravishing}.
merciless {remorseless}.
objective {removed}.
regretting {repentant}.
held back {repressed}.
unable to stay still {restive}.
reluctant {reticent}.
shy {retiring}.
showing reverence {reverential}.
strong {rock-ribbed}.
impractical or always dreaming of romance {romantic}.
slightly yellow {sallow}.
savable {salvable}.
about blood {sanguinary}.
mocking {sardonic}.
sardonic {saturnine}.
appetizing taste or smell {savory, taste}.
harsh {scathing}.
calm {sedate}.
mostly sitting {sedentary}.
having senses {sensate}.
perceiving even small things and being affected by them {sensitive, feeling}.
having important meaning {sententious}.
able to experience {sentient}.
using many syllables {sesquipedalian}.
shy {sheepish}.
strong but not massive {sinewy}.
having black eyes {sloe-eyed}.
having sticking out tooth {snaggletooth}.
having turned-up nose {snub-nosed}.
sleepy {somnolent}.
having feeling {soulful}.
lean {spare, lean}.
playful {sportive}.
alone {stag, alone}.
restrained {staid}.
strong and resolute {stalwart}.
having bad luck {star-crossed}.
dignified {stately}.
tall and shapely {statuesque}.
strict {stern, strict}.
unemotional {stolid}.
acting only morally {straitlaced}.
tall {strapping}.
harsh sounding {strident}.
contrived {studied}.
acting according to another's will {submissive}.
under {subordinate}.
servile {subservient}.
able to make distinctions {subtle}.
following other's suggestions {suggestible}.
sexy {sultry}.
disdainful {supercilious}.
lying down {supine}.
limber {supple}.
dark {swarthy}.
about whole body {systemic}.
uncommunicative {taciturn}.
tending to express temper {tempestuous}.
about tendons {tendinous}.
using few words {terse}.
acting as if in theater {theatrical}.
coming from deep in throat {throaty}.
timid {timorous}.
facetious {tongue in cheek}.
fearful {tremulous}.
informal {tweedy}.
free {unbridled}.
ingratiating {unctuous}.
done by only one of two parties {unilateral}.
not intentional {unwitting}.
always deferring to one's wife {uxorious}.
insistent {vehement}.
old {venerable}.
excusable {venial}.
wordy {verbose}.
chaste {vestal}.
alive {viable}.
emotional {visceral}.
talking strongly {vociferous}.
talkative {voluble}.
having marked sexual features {voluptuous}.
very hungry {voracious}.
humorous {waggish}.
pale, sad, or weak {wan}.
no energy {wasted}.
odd {whimsical}.
office {white-collar}.
naive {wide-eyed}.
thin and graceful {willowy}.
sly {wily}.
yearning {wistful}.
old {wizened}.
ironic {wry}.
not normal {aberrant}.
wretched {abject}.
very bad {abominable}.
irritating {abrasive, irritating}.
having bad luck {accursed}.
sour {acidulous}.
grasping {acquisitive}.
proud {aloof}.
without moral scruples {amoral}.
weak {anemic}.
not sociable {antisocial}.
anxious {apprehensive}.
haughty {arch, haughty}.
proud {arrogant}.
natural {artless}.
stupid {asinine}.
not social {asocial}.
bad {atrocious}.
brash {bald-faced}.
bow-legged {bandy-legged}.
small and aggressive {bantam}.
low {base, low}.
not born to nobility {baseborn}.
wanting to fight {bellicose}.
aggressive {belligerent}.
ignorant {benighted}.
beast-like {bestial}.
prejudiced {bigoted}.
irascible {bilious}.
crude {boorish}.
cow-like {bovine}.
unchanging {brassbound}.
bold {brazen}.
blunt {brusque}.
crazy {bughouse}.
stubborn {bullheaded}.
optimistic or bullying {bullish}.
fast talking {bunco} {bunko}.
cowardly {caitiff}.
unfeeling {callous}.
inexperienced {callow}.
irritable {cantankerous}.
impulsive {capricious}.
faultfinding {captious}.
spiteful {catty}.
sharp-tongued, critical {caustic, sharp-tongued}.
carefree or uncaring {cavalier, uncaring}.
gaudy and cheap {chintzy}.
rude and surly {churlish}.
only interested in one's group {clannish}.
not generous {closefisted}.
excessive {cloying}.
wanting to fight {combative}.
smug {complacent}.
impulsive {compulsive}.
argumentative {contentious}.
rebellious {contumacious}.
fat {corpulent}.
desirous {covetous}.
irritable {crabbed}.
coarse {crass}.
cowardly {craven}.
gullible {credulous}.
irritable {crotchety}.
responsible {culpable}.
enjoying luxuries {decadent}.
not meeting law or requirement {delinquent}.
devil-like {demoniac}.
put in lower-level job {demoted}.
understanding only slowly {dense}.
immoral {depraved}.
failing to do duty {derelict, duty}.
mocking {derisive}.
disparaging {derogatory}.
scheming {designing, scheming}.
contemptible {despicable}.
tricky {devious}.
always ordering {dictatorial}.
delaying {dilatory}.
short {diminutive}.
poorly groomed {disheveled}.
deceitful {disingenuous}.
immoral {dissolute}.
creating division {divisive}.
dogmatic {doctrinaire}.
following one theory {dogmatic}.
pedantic {donnish}.
shabby {dowdy}.
not manly or female-like {effeminate}.
decadent {effete}.
self-centered {egocentric}.
vague {evasive}.
painful {excruciating}.
detestable {execrable}.
inexcusable {exorable}.
unfaithful {faithless}.
foolish {fatuous}.
irresponsible {feckless}.
pretended {feigned}.
pompous {flatulent}.
trouble-making {fractious}.
disobedient {froward}.
tactless {gauche, tactless}.
awkward {gawkish}.
greedy {grasping}.
easily fooled {gullible}.
luckless {hapless}.
realistic or stubborn {hardheaded}.
proud {haughty}.
wicked {heinous}.
conservative {hidebound}.
snobbish {high-hat}.
dishonorable {ignoble}.
dishonorable {ignominious}.
not liberal {illiberal}.
not modest {immodest}.
having sexual intercourse with closely related person {incestuous}.
staying bad {incorrigible, staying bad}.
lazy {indolent}.
childish {infantile}.
ungrateful {ingrate}.
sinful {iniquitous}.
disrespectful and rude {insolent}.
intolerable {insufferable}.
small-minded or isolated {insular}.
stubborn {intransigent}.
causing bad feelings {invidious}.
temperamental {irascible}.
unchanging {ironbound}.
immature {jejune}.
too sexually active {lecherous}.
immoral {licentious}.
thieving {light-fingered}.
directionless {listless}.
clumsy {maladroit}.
evil acting {maleficent}.
evil {malevolent}.
too sentimental {maudlin}.
too sentimental {mawkish}.
exaggerated {melodramatic}.
only for money {mercenary, money}.
quick tempered {mercurial}.
vulgarly attractive {meretricious}.
affected {mincing}.
very bad {monstrous}.
timid {mousy}.
wicked {nefarious}.
pessimistic {negativistic}.
miserly {niggardly}.
petty or fastidious {niggling}.
stubborn {obdurate}.
fat {obese}.
servile {obsequious}.
defiant {obstreperous}.
forcing on others {obtrusive}.
stupid and unable to understand {obtuse}.
repugnant {odious}.
offering advice {officious}.
traditional or conservative {old-line}.
holding strong opinions {opinionated}.
immorally or uncaringly taking advantage {opportunistic}.
overbearing {overweening}.
pale {pallid}.
provincial {parochial}.
pitiful {pathetic}.
fat {paunchy}.
having wide hips {pear-shaped}.
slow {pedestrian}.
persisting {perverse}.
insisting on unimportant things {petty}.
being easily irritated {petulant}.
being petty {picayune}.
having turned-in feet {pigeon-toed}.
stubborn {pigheaded}.
pretentious {pompous}.
heavy {ponderous}.
pig-like {porcine}.
fat {portly}.
plundering {predatory}.
pretending {pretentious}.
erring {prodigal}.
wasteful {profligate}.
narrow-mindedness {provincial}.
being childish {puerile}.
wanting to fight {pugnacious}.
understanding only slowly {purblind}.
being morally strict {puritan}.
being coward {pusillanimous}.
avaricious {rapacious}.
wanting to return to previous times {reactionary}.
resisting advice {recalcitrant}.
obstinate {refractory, obstinate}.
very bad {reprehensible}.
discourteous {rude}.
showily pious {sanctimonious}.
reptilian {saurian}.
abusive {scurrilous}.
shabby {seedy}.
thinking only about self {self-seeking}.
acting to help oneself {self-serving}.
age-caused ability loss {senescent}.
subservient {servile}.
subservient {slavish}.
lazy {slothful}.
complacent {smug}.
speaking sharply {snappish}.
disparaging {snide}.
using questionable reasoning {sophistic}.
immature {sophomoric}.
drunk {sottish}.
coward {spineless}.
acting only in uninteresting ways {stodgy}.
emotionless {stony}.
morose {sullen}.
sullen {surly}.
sticky {tacky}.
biased {tendentious}.
irritable {testy}.
slow {torpid}.
wanting to fight {truculent}.
acting like tyrant {tyrannical}.
unchanging {unbending}.
excessive {unconscionable}.
uncivilized {uncouth}.
awkward {ungainly}.
not well-groomed {unkempt}.
stubborn {unregenerate}.
having poor morals {unsavory}.
natural {unstudied}.
ignorant {untutored}.
stupid {vacuous}.
pride {vainglory}.
not lively {vapid}.
corrupt {venal}.
wanting vengeance {vindictive}.
hostile {virulent}.
quick to anger {volatile}.
unrestrained {wanton}.
irritable {waspish}.
doing whatever one wants {willful}.
having no emotion {withdrawn}.
sincere {aboveboard}.
skilled {accomplished}.
skilled {adept}.
skilled {adroit}.
accommodating {affable}.
nimble {agile}.
agreeable {amenable}.
pleasant {amiable}.
friendly {amicable}.
skilled {artful}.
well-spoken {articulate, well-spoken}.
diligent {assiduous}.
judging well {astute}.
attending {attentive}.
dignified {august}.
independent {autonomous}.
bliss {beatific}.
charitable {beneficent}.
good-natured {benevolent}.
knowing two languages {bilingual}.
smart {canny}.
careful {chary}.
modest {chaste}.
gallant {chivalrous}.
careful {circumspect}.
polite {civil}.
knowing {cognizant}.
calm {collected}.
good-looking {comely}.
liking to communicate {communicative}.
sociable {companionable}.
calm {composed}.
knowledgeable {conversant}.
sociable {convivial}.
sophisticated {cosmopolitan}.
polite {courtly}.
well-dressed {dapper}.
jaunty and charming {debonair}.
proper {decorous}.
yielding to others {deferential}.
skilled {deft}.
modest {demure}.
skilled with hands {dexterous}.
tactful {diplomatic}.
making opponent feel at ease {disarming}.
discriminating {discerning}.
careful {discrete}.
brave {doughty}.
funny {droll}.
interested in many different things {eclectic}.
teachable {educable}.
supporting equality {egalitarian}.
noble, high {eminent}.
understanding {empathic}.
charming {engaging}.
calm {equable}.
knowledgeable {erudite}.
just {evenhanded}.
setting good example {exemplary}.
outgoing {expansive}.
meticulous {fastidious}.
attractive {fetching}.
well-spoken {fluent}.
plainspoken {frank}.
chivalrous {gallant}.
polite {genteel}.
sincere {guileless}.
healthy {hale}.
alert {heady}.
receptive {hospitable}.
compassionate {humane}.
improving others' lives {humanitarian}.
celebrated {illustrious}.
correct {impeccable}.
calm {imperturbable}.
tireless {indefatigable}.
brave {intrepid}.
never immoral {irreproachable}.
happy {jovial}.
careful {judicial}.
careful {judicious}.
eager {keen}.
praiseworthy {laudable}.
praising {laudatory}.
knowledgeable {learned}.
well-read {lettered}.
pure {lily-white}.
lithe {lissome}.
able to read or well-read {literate}.
graceful {lithe}.
clear {lucid}.
polite {mannered}.
regular {measured}.
deserving reward {meritorious}.
following method {methodical}.
careful {meticulous}.
bravery {moxie}.
generous {munificent}.
well-dressed {natty}.
perceiving well {percipient}.
having good personality {personable}.
perceiving well {perspicacious}.
being perceived easily {perspicuous}.
being objective {philosophic}.
staying calm {phlegmatic}.
judicious {politic}.
practical {pragmatic}.
having foresight {prescient}.
having foreknowledge {presentient}.
high status {prestigious}.
working for progress {progressive}.
tall {rangy}.
reasoning well {rational}.
formidable {redoubtable}.
cultured {refined}.
royal-like {regal}.
having good reputation {reputable}.
not outgoing {reserved}.
determined {resolute}.
acting morally {righteous}.
wise {sagacious}.
welcoming {salutatory}.
calm {sanguine, calm}.
thinking well {sapient}.
diligent {sedulous}.
modest {self-effacing}.
not thinking about self {selfless}.
not acting unreasonably {sensible}.
calm {serene}.
concerned {solicitous}.
often studying {studious}.
moderate {temperate, disposition}.
shaped by experience {tempered}.
not giving up {tenacious}.
natural {unaffected}.
modest {unassuming}.
always correct {unerring}.
always correct {unimpeachable}.
cultured {urbane}.
alert {vigilant}.
manly {virile}.
charming {winning}.
charming {winsome}.
strong and slim {wiry}.
alongside {abreast}.
off-center {acentric}.
beside {adjacent}.
touching {adjoining}.
mountain {alpine}.
surrounding {ambient}.
any-shaped {amorphous}.
ring-like {annular}.
in front {anterior}.
curved {aquiline}.
going up {ascendant}.
about stars {astral}.
not symmetrical {asymmetric}.
on axis {axial}.
angled {beveled}.
having two parts {bipartite}.
bulb-shaped {bulbous}.
floating {buoyant}.
diagonal from {cattycorner}.
about sky {celestial}.
going around {circuitous}.
having same axis {coaxial}.
on same line {collinear}.
having large interior {commodious}.
having same end {conterminous}.
touching {contiguous}.
universal {cosmic}.
having same end {coterminous}.
curved {crescent}.
about diameter {diametric}.
having gaps or angles {discontinuous}.
high {elevated, high}.
heavenly {elysian}.
having same distance from two other things {equidistant}.
not on Earth {extraterrestrial}.
grooved {fluted}.
having flower shapes {foliate}.
cigar-shaped {fusiform}.
having folded pages {gatefold}.
screw-shaped {helical}.
polar {hyperborean}.
inset {inlaid}.
equal measure in all dimensions {isometric}.
having equal tension in all dimensions {isotonic}.
sideways, to side {lateral, sideways}.
many {manifold, many}.
segmented {meristic}.
misshaped {misshapen}.
low {nether}.
flattened at poles {oblate}.
not direct {oblique, not direct}.
having width greater than height {oblong}.
eastern {oriental}.
round {orotund}.
oval in three dimensions {ovate}.
oval in three dimensions {ovoid}.
next-to-last {penult, next-to-last} {penultimate}.
flat {planar}.
being overlapping network {plexiform}.
steep {precipitous}.
changing shape {protean}.
pear-shaped {pyriform}.
round {rotund}.
sequential {serial}.
winding {serpentine, winding}.
toothed {serrate}.
crowded {serried}.
special {singular}.
winding {sinuous}.
star-shaped {stellate}.
underneath {subjacent}.
underground {subterranean}.
torus {toroid}.
winding {tortuous}.
having no markings {trackless}.
across {transverse}.
having three parts {tripartite}.
tube-like {tubular}.
everywhere {ubiquitous}.
outside the known {ulterior}.
having raised edges around lower area {vallate}.
having various shapes {variform}.
profound {abysmal}.
not practical {academic}.
acceptable {admissible}.
giving advantage {advantageous}.
about beauty or art {aesthetic}.
symbolic {allegorical}.
having two meanings {ambiguous, both}.
similar {analogous, similar}.
added {ancillary}.
abnormal {anomalous}.
having no named author {anonymous}.
opposite {antithetical}.
not authentic {apocryphal}.
about appeals {appellate}.
applying {applicable}.
appropriate {apposite}.
appropriate {apropos}.
fitting {apt, state}.
capricious {arbitrary}.
esoteric {arcane}.
difficult {arduous}.
complete {arrant}.
interesting {arresting}.
adjective {attributive}.
not typical {atypical}.
favorable {auspicious}.
from authority {authoritative}.
supplementary {auxiliary}.
eager {avid}.
vouched for {avowed}.
behind back {backdoor}.
behind scenes {backstairs}.
held {bated}.
not harmful {benign}.
about two parties {bipartisan}.
sharp {biting}.
happy and sad {bittersweet}.
carefree {blithe}.
highest rank {blue chip}.
first quality {blue ribbon}.
laborer {blue-collar}.
basic {bread-and-butter}.
pastoral {bucolic, pastoral}.
orthodox {canonical}.
absolute {categorical}.
purgative {cathartic}.
general {catholic}.
generous {charitable}.
imaginary {chimerical}.
about chivalry {chivalric}.
indirect or associative {circumstantial}.
about citizenship {civic}.
secret {clandestine}.
clear and alerting {clarion}.
traditional and high quality {classic} {classical}.
about climax {climactic}.
secret {cloak-and-dagger}.
equal {coequal}.
coherent {cogent}.
logical and connected {coherent}.
sticking together {cohesive}.
about informal expression {colloquial}.
combining {combinative}.
about combining {combinatorial}.
remembering {commemorative}.
measurable in same way {commensurable}.
corresponding {commensurate}.
transferable {communicable}.
working together well {compatible}.
mixed {composite}.
understandable {comprehensible}.
including everything {comprehensive}.
about ideas {conceptual}.
brief {concise}.
coming together {confluent}.
harmonious {congruous}.
about conjecture {conjectural}.
thought out {considered}.
essential {constitutive}.
having same substance {consubstantial}.
perfect and complete {consummate}.
about corporation {corporate}.
secret {covert}.
believable {credible} {creditable}.
coded {cryptic}.
sharp {cutting}.
timeless {deathless}.
about declaiming {declamatory}.
complete and authoritative {definitive}.
no longer existing {defunct}.
tasting good {delectable}.
provable {demonstrable}.
about discourse {discursive}.
dissimilar {disparate}.
separable {dissociable}.
starting from same place but going in different directions {divergent}.
having variety {divers} {diverse}.
resting {dormant}.
universal {ecumenical}.
effective {efficacious}.
exclaiming {ejaculatory}.
flexible {elastic}.
not required {elective}.
basic {elemental}.
symbolic {emblematic}.
beginning {embryonic}.
observable {empirical}.
about place or group {endemic}.
within {endogenous}.
interesting {engrossing}.
puzzling {enigmatic}.
important {epic}.
fair {equitable}.
equal {equivalent, equal}.
former {erstwhile}.
understandable only by few {esoteric}.
special {especial}.
delicate {ethereal}.
evoking {evocative}.
unusually good {exceptionable}.
growing abnormally {excrescent}.
digressive {excursive}.
complete {exhaustive}.
urgent {exigent}.
outside body {exogenous}.
too high {exorbitant}.
strange {exotic}.
ignored principles in reaching goal {expedient}.
efficient {expeditious}.
discardable {expendable}.
explaining {explanatory}.
explainable {explicable}.
about explication {explicatory}.
specific {explicit}.
about exposition {expository}.
meaningful {expressive}.
about removing obscenity or controversy {expurgatory}.
spontaneous {extemporaneous}.
extendible {extensible}.
excusable {extenuating}.
outside curriculum, such as sports and clubs {extracurricular}.
outside law {extralegal}.
inessential {extraneous}.
from outside {extrinsic}.
pushed through {extrusive}.
easy {facile}.
artificial {factitious}.
carefree {fancy-free}.
about farce {farcical}.
resigned to fate {fatalistic}.
doable {feasible}.
productive {fecund}.
about united states, national {federal}.
apt and flowing {felicitous}.
falling {fell}.
able to produce {fertile}.
celebratory {festive}.
imaginary {fictitious}.
imaginary {fictive}.
about money {fiscal}.
constant {fixed}.
flowery {florid}.
about debates or legal proceedings {forensic}.
insignificant {forgettable}.
being formal {formalistic}.
developing {formative, developing}.
lucky {fortuitous}.
unsupported {freestanding}.
with costumes {full-dress}.
excessive {fulsome}.
about funerals {funerary}.
sad {funereal}.
general {generic}.
apt {germane}.
in early development {germinal}.
highest quality {gilt-edged}.
absolute {gospel}.
explicitly pictured {graphic}.
about governors {gubernatorial}.
narrow {hairline}.
sacred {hallowed}.
pleasant {harmonious}.
unorthodox {heterodox}.
not autonomous {heteronomous}.
about whole {holistic}.
about exhortation {hortatory} {hortative}.
possible {hypothetical}.
having unknown cause {idiopathic}.
pure or clean {immaculate}.
unable to come out {impacted}.
not understandable {impalpable}.
having no path through {impassable}.
unable to enter {impenetrable}.
making hole {imperforate}.
unable to enter {impermeable}.
unaffected {impervious}.
not likely {implausible}.
assumed {implicit}.
inherent {inalienable}.
bright {incandescent}.
embodied {incarnate}.
early {inchoate}.
about to happen {incipient}.
unchangeable {incommutable}.
inconsistent or disparate {incongruous}.
proven {incontrovertible}.
not voidable {indefeasible}.
not determined {indeterminate}.
indicating, pointing {indicative, indicating}.
native {indigenous}.
not doubtable {indubitable}.
indescribable {ineffable}.
inevitable {ineluctable}.
stuck {inextricable}.
easily transferred {infectious}.
inciting {inflammatory}.
clever {ingenious}.
habitual {ingrained}.
intrinsic {inherent}.
impossible to imitate {inimitable}.
harmless {innocuous}.
too much {inordinate}.
understandable {intelligible}.
shared by sects {interdenominational}.
involving several subjects {interdisciplinary}.
about trial decree {interlocutory}.
among groups within institution {intramural}.
essential {intrinsic}.
unassailable {inviolable}.
not assailed {inviolate}.
not erasable {irradicable}.
not voidable and unchangeable {irrevocable}.
most important {keynote}.
potential {latent}.
generous {liberal}.
direct ancestry {lineal}.
word-for-word {literal}.
about literature {literary}.
about ritual or liturgy {liturgical}.
making money {lucrative}.
required {mandatory}.
unimportant {marginal}.
military {martial}.
concerned only about things {materialistic}.
proper {meet}.
flowing smoothly {mellifluous}.
about servants {menial}.
measurable {mensurable}.
stylish {modish}.
having components {modular}.
having one syllable {monosyllablic}.
having no significance to argument {moot}.
ordinary {mundane}.
changeable {mutable}.
emerging {nascent}.
formless {nebulous}.
recent {neoteric}.
named but not existing {nominal}.
about universal laws {nomological}.
having no special features {nondescript}.
about standard or custom {normative}.
worthy {notable}.
well-known {noted}.
being impersonal {objective}.
required {obligatory}.
western {occidental}.
working {operational}.
favorable {opportune}.
best {optimal}.
luxurious {opulent}.
highly decorated {ornate}.
having traditional or received beliefs {orthodox}.
seeming {ostensible}.
public {overt}.
peaceful {pacific}.
symptom relieving {palliative}.
perceivable {palpable}.
about pope {papal}.
parapsychological {paranormal}.
excusable {pardonable}.
moderately {passing}.
bucolic {pastoral, bucolic}.
obvious {patent, obvious}.
about early Christian churches {patristic}.
highest {peerless}.
categorized {pegged}.
acting to stop another's action {peremptory}.
using circumlocutions {periphrastic}.
right or gratuity {perquisite}.
using pictures {pictorial}.
looking like nice picture {picturesque}.
provoking emotion {piquant, provoking}.
short and expressive {pithy}.
determining {pivotal}.
calm {placid}.
changeable {plastic, changeable}.
likely {plausible}.
easily changed {pliable}.
adaptable {pliant}.
having more than one syllable {polysyllabic}.
including several technical subjects {polytechnic}.
strong {potent}.
feasible {practicable}.
unstable {precarious}.
valuable {precious}.
first {preeminent}.
signaling danger in the future {premonitory}.
greater {preponderant}.
restrictive {prescriptive}.
about garrison {presidial}.
supernatural {preternatural}.
widespread {prevalent}.
main or first {primary}.
pure and clean {pristine}.
expressed {professed}.
deeply insightful {profound}.
of high position {prominent}.
marked {pronounced}.
favorable {propitious}.
of correct proportions {proportionate}.
owned or about proprietor {proprietary}.
unimaginative {prosaic}.
traditional {proverbial}.
providing for the future {provident}.
about divine providence {providential}.
temporary {provisional} {provisory}.
supposed {putative}.
measured or counted {quantitative}.
risqué {racy}.
high {rarefied}.
reappear {recrudescent}.
reclining {recumbent}.
first-class {red-carpet}.
especially happy {red-letter}.
smelling {redolent}.
repeated {redundant}.
shining {refulgent}.
not absolute {relative}.
making money {remunerative}.
reappearing {renascent}.
filled {replete}.
required {requisite}.
echoing {resonant}.
shining {resplendent}.
limiting {restrictive}.
rising again {resurgent}.
vulgarly funny {ribald}.
full {rife}.
handling quickly {rifling through things}.
difficult {rigorous}.
funny {riotous}.
laughable {risible}.
cheerful {roseate}.
Players play all other players {round robin}.
conference with several speakers {round table}.
easy {routine}.
low quality {rump}.
simple {rustic}.
leave of absence for study {sabbatical}.
sacred {sacrosanct}.
document granting passage through region {safe-conduct}.
sticking out {salient}.
healthful {salubrious}.
beneficial {salutary}.
diagrammatic {schematic}.
about school {scholastic}.
appropriate for season {seasonable}.
about sects {sectarian}.
not religious {secular}.
proper {seemly}.
similar to {semblance}.
seed-like {seminal}.
about signs and symbols {semiotic}.
comedy with serious aspects {seriocomic}.
usable {serviceable}.
very pure {simon-pure}.
about society {societal}.
not bankrupt {solvent, about money}.
sleep-inducing {soporific}.
having all parts working well {sound, functioning}.
irregular {spasmodic}.
about ghosts {spectral}.
splendid {splendiferous}.
irregular {sporadic}.
loud {stentorian}.
overly formal {stilted}.
famous {storied}.
placing in good position for next event {strategic}.
severe {stringent}.
about hell {stygian}.
Earthly {sublunary}.
substantial {substantive, substantial}.
brief and expressive {succinct}.
suggesting sexual things {suggestive}.
quick {summary}.
able to be overcome {superable}.
secret {surreptitious}.
substitute {surrogate, substitute}.
abstract {synoptic}.
about syntax {syntactic}.
in table {tabular}.
unspoken implication {tacit}.
done to gain immediate goal {tactical}.
substantial {tangible}.
equivalent to {tantamount}.
much compressed or shortened {telegraphic}.
forceful {telling}.
possibly correct {tenable}.
in uncertain state {tentative}.
thin {tenuous}.
following rules {textbook, rule-based}.
god-centered {theocentric}.
brief {thumbnail}.
nominal {titular}.
delicious {toothsome}.
high quality {top drawer}.
local {topical}.
easy to manipulate {tractable}.
incisive {trenchant}.
about tutoring {tutelary}.
with no politeness {unceremonious}.
unknown or unexplored {uncharted}.
not visited {unfrequented}.
having one legislative assembly {unicameral}.
unequaled {unparalleled}.
appearing as it is {unvarnished}.
lifting spirit {uplifting}.
view {vantage}.
about prophesy {vatic}.
using words {verbal}.
high quality {vintage}.
breachable {violable}.
fulfilling vow {votive}.
being important {weighty}.
wonderful {wondrous}.
hard to understand {abstruse}.
caustic {acrid}.
unfavorable {adverse}.
wrong {amiss}.
predicting disaster {apocalyptic}.
insulting {backhanded}.
ominous {baleful}.
trite {banal}.
brutal {barbarous}.
brash {barefaced}.
unproductive {barren}.
wasted {blasted}.
fake {bogus}.
useless {bootless}.
loud and noisy {clamorous}.
uninteresting {colorless}.
only for appearance {cosmetic}.
cold and wet {dank}.
harmful {deleterious}.
uninhabited {desolate}.
harmful {detrimental}.
worn out or not repaired {dilapidated}.
grave {dire}.
unconnected {disjointed}.
larger in number or size {disproportionate}.
harsh {draconian}.
notably bad {egregious}.
mournful {elegaic}.
wrong {erroneous}.
divisive {factious}.
false {fallacious}.
foul-smelling {fetid}.
weakening {flagging}.
ominous {forbidding}.
cold {frigid}.
unimportant and extra {frivolous}.
irritating {galling}.
smelling like dead game {gamy}.
gaudy {garish}.
horrible {ghastly}.
extra and inapt {gratuitous}.
significant {grievous}.
bad luck {ill-starred}.
not important {immaterial}.
silly {inane}.
hostile {inimical}.
subtly harmful {insidious}.
bland {insipid}.
not resolvable {intractable}.
unmaintainable {inviable}.
poorly built {jerry-built}.
dead {kaput}.
requiring hard work {laborious}.
complex {labyrinthine}.
damaging to reputation {libelous}.
disgusting {loathsome}.
laughable {ludicrous}.
mournful {lugubrious}.
sensational {lurid}.
frustrating {maddening}.
evil and spreading {malignant}.
foul-smelling {malodorous}.
foul-smelling {mephitic}.
threatening {minatory}.
gruesome or about disease {morbid}.
biting {mordacious}.
having moldy smell {musty}.
noisy {noisome}.
non-maintainable {nonviable}.
damaging {noxious}.
offensive {objectionable}.
threatening {ominous}.
burdensome {onerous}.
lazy or useless {otiose}.
excessive {overblown}.
widespread epidemic {pandemic}.
dangerous {parlous}.
disparaging {pejorative}.
destructive {pernicious}.
unchanging, or scared {petrified}.
too high {prohibitive}.
punishing {punitive}.
decayed {putrid}.
dubious {questionable}.
unstopped {rampant}.
foul-smelling {rank, bad smelling}.
shabby {ratty}.
hard to understand {recondite}.
negligent {remiss}.
repulsive {repellent}.
offensive {repugnant}.
offensive {repulsive}.
pleasant but dull {saccharine}.
lewd {salacious}.
sordid {seamy}.
withered {sere}.
fake {sham, fake}.
ominous {sinister}.
wet {sodden}.
immoral or wretched {sordid}.
only seeming to be true {specious}.
false {spurious}.
sordid {squalid}.
utter {stark}.
unproductive {sterile, unproductive}.
not essential {superficial}.
unneeded {superfluous}.
not about main thing, indirect {tangential}.
boring {tedious}.
lukewarm {tepid}.
common {trite}.
having too much {turgid}.
not possible {untenable}.
unfavorable {untoward}.
Size or shape can make things difficult to manipulate {unwieldy}.
unusual {unwonted}.
hateful {venomous}.
annoying {vexatious}.
about sound {acoustic}.
about wind {aeolian}.
about farming {agrarian}.
light {airy}.
using water or land {amphibious}.
about water {aquatic}.
about water {aqueous}.
farmable {arable}.
hearable {audible}.
about hearing {aural}.
about hearing {auricular}.
about birds {avian}.
about plants {botanical}.
somewhat salty {brackish}.
slightly roughened {brushed}.
about or under earth {chthonic}.
damp {clammy}.
precise {clinical}.
at same time {coeval}.
flammable {combustible}.
about cooking {culinary}.
cross-section {cutaway}.
spotted {dappled}.
about ten {decimal}.
translucently thin {diaphanous}.
about dieting {dietetic}.
spread out {diffuse}.
turned down {dog-eared}.
stretchable {ductile}.
sweet sounding {dulcet}.
eatable {edible}.
about sky or heaven {empyrean}.
about horses {equine}.
about death or end of world {eschatological}.
about excretion {excretory}.
not planted {fallow}.
about west wind {favonian}.
having windows {fenestrated}.
limp {flaccid}.
able to catch fire {flammable}.
flaky {flocculent}.
shining {fulgent}.
like gel {gelatinous}.
like gel {gelid}.
knotted {gnarled}.
delicate and thin {gossamer}.
easily triggered {hairspring}.
calm {halcyon}.
sealed {hermetic}.
mixed {heterogeneous}.
same shaped or located but with different functions {heterologous}.
high voltage {high-tension}.
old or white {hoary}.
having same structure and function {homologous}.
electric and generated by falling water {hydroelectric}.
traveling faster than sound speed {hypersonic}.
lustrous and many-colored {iridescent}.
changeable {labile}.
having no port {landlocked}.
song-like {lilting}.
transparent {limpid}.
about tongue or speaking {lingual}.
liquid {liquescent}.
producing light {luminescent}.
giving light {luminous}.
verdant {lush}.
shiny {lustrous}.
verdant {luxuriant}.
song-like {lyrical}.
changeable {malleable}.
about seas {marine}.
about sea and ships {maritime}.
marble-like {marmoreal}.
morning {matutinal}.
granular {mealy}.
machine-like {mechanistic}.
about table {mensal}.
having one speaker or ear {monaural}.
having one color {monochrome}.
having several parts or colors {motley}.
having many parts {multifarious}.
emitting no sound {mute}.
in water {natant}.
about ships and navigation {nautical}.
usable by boats {navigable}.
having nodes {nodular}.
having no bad taste {palatable}.
palace-like {palatial}.
about palace or royal powers {palatine}.
having different colored parts {parti-colored}.
having particles {particulate}.
clear {pellucid}.
walking {peripatetic}.
pervadable {permeable}.
permeable {pervious}.
about penis or penis shape {phallic}.
about medicines {pharmaceutical, medicine}.
symphony orchestra {philharmonic}.
about sound {phonic}.
about light {photic}.
piebald or patchy {pied, patchy}.
shrill {piercing}.
about fish {piscatorial}.
about gases {pneumatic}.
clipped {polled}.
having several colors {polychrome}.
having pores {porous}.
safe to drink {potable}.
preventing {prophylactic}.
sharp tasting or smelling {pungent}.
inactive {quiescent}.
glowing {radiant}.
network-like {reticular}.
about rotation {rotary}.
country {rural}.
about priests {sacerdotal}.
salty {saline}.
soapy {saponaceous}.
about tailoring {sartorial}.
rough {scabrous}.
about earthquakes {seismic}.
about tombs {sepulchral}.
transparent and thin {sheer}.
spiny {spinous}.
not moving, or noise {static}.
marked with parallel lines {striated}.
submergible {submersible}.
juicy {succulent}.
about forests {sylvan}.
machine made {synthetic, machine made}.
sour {tart, sour}.
dark {tenebrous}.
about dancing {terpsichorean}.
third {tertiary}.
about sea {thalassic}.
three times {thrice}.
about barbering {tonsorial}.
tropical {tropic}.
swelling {tumescent}.
having suspended particles {turbid}, like dirty water.
having turmoil {turbulent}.
pure {unalloyed}.
about bears {ursine}.
many-colored {variegated}.
about vegetation {vegetal}.
about vehicles {vehicular}.
green {verdant}.
about spring {vernal}.
about number 20 {vigesimal}.
having vines {vinaceous} {vinous}.
dense and sticky {viscid}.
resisting flow {viscous}.
about foxes {vulpine}.
worn {weathered}.
hammered into shape {wrought}.
in summer {aestival} {estival}.
belonging to ancestors {ancestral}.
before war {ante-bellum}.
before flood {antediluvian}.
ancient {antic}.
out-of-date {antiquated}.
old and unused {archaic}.
irregular {arrhythmic}.
not at same time {asynchronous}.
every two years {biannual}.
two centuries later {bicentennial}.
one century later {centennial} {centenary}.
at same time {concomitant}.
at same time {concurrent}.
as result {consequent, result} {consequential}.
at same time {contemporaneous}.
at same time {contemporary}.
quick {cursory}.
over time {diachronic} over time.
only short time {ephemeral}.
transitory {evanescent}.
existing {extant}.
in Middle Ages {feudal}.
transitory {fleeting}.
slow {glacial}.
forever {immemorial}.
soon after {imminent}.
unchanging {immutable}.
soon after {impending}.
unceasing {incessant}.
unending {interminable}.
at irregular times {intermittent}.
after death {posthumous}.
after meal {postprandial}.
before {prefatory}.
first {primal}.
in early times {primeval}.
in early times {primordial}.
changing {procrustean}.
moving backward {retral}.
applying at previous time {retroactive}.
moving backward {retrograde}.
spinning on or around axis {revolving}.
rotating {rotatory}.
150 years after {sesquicentennial}.
repeatedly after {successive}.
obsolete or retired {superannuated}.
at same time {synchronic}.
at same time {synchronous}.
being about time {temporal}.
over time {time-lapse}.
always having same value {timeless}.
passing through or away {transient, passing}.
short time {transitory}.
farewell {valedictory}.
although {albeit}.
regarding {anent}.
soon {anon}.
sideways {askance}.
to rear or behind boat {astern}.
into parts {asunder}.
across {athwart}.
hold on {avast}.
be gone {avaunt}.
in trouble {behind the eight ball}.
behind in payments {behindhand}.
early {betimes}.
rotating in same direction as clock {clockwise}.
rotating in opposite direction as clock {counterclockwise}.
in same direction as wind is going {downwind}.
before {ere}.
in truth {forsooth}.
at once {forthwith}.
pluckily {gamely}.
vigorously {hammer and tongs}.
in cooperation {hand in glove} {hand and glove}.
by chance {haply}.
away or therefore {hence}.
from now on {henceforth}.
previously {heretofore}.
toward here {hither}.
before now {hitherto}.
although or nevertheless {howbeit}.
for fear that {lest}.
willingly {lief}.
ignobly {meanly}.
not withstanding as preposition {pace, preposition}.
perhaps {perchance}.
necessarily {perforce}.
speedily {posthaste}.
except for {save}.
with both legs on one side {sidesaddle}.
speedily {summarily}.
let's go {tallyho}.
to there {thither}.
well-timed {timely}.
namely {to wit}.
quickly {trippingly}.
between {twixt}.
excessively {unduly}.
from where wind came {upwind}.
truly {verily}.
past times {yesteryear}.
Affixes are prefixes or suffixes {affixes}.
not or without or on {a-}.
away from {ab-}.
high or beginning {acr-} {acro-}.
toward {ad-}.
air or atmosphere {aer-} {aero-}.
earlier {afore-}.
after {after-}.
agriculture {agro-}.
difference {allo-}.
both {ambi-}.
not {an-}.
up {ana-}.
male {andr-} {andro-}.
before {ante-}.
human {anthrop-} {anthropo-}.
against or opposite {anti-} {ant-} {anth-}.
water {aqu-}.
high {arch-}.
old {archae-} {archaeo-}.
star or space {astr-} {astro-}.
sound {audio-} {audi-}.
hearing {aur-} {auri-}.
independent {aut-} {auto-}.
on or completely or causing {be-}.
two {bi-}.
book {biblio-}.
history {bio-}.
secondary or by {by-}.
noise {cac-} {caco-}.
unmoving {cata-} {cat-} {cath-}.
hundred {cent-} {cento-}.
hundredth {centi-}.
center {centr-} {centro-} {centri-}.
chemical {chem-} {chemo-}.
color {chrom-} {chromo-}.
time {chron-} {chrono-}.
around {circum-}.
both {co-}.
together {com-} {col-} {con-}.
against {contra-}.
opposite {counter-}.
transverse {cross-}.
cold {cry-} {cryo-}.
hidden {crypt-} {crypto-}.
circle {cycl-} {cyclo-}.
cell {cyt-} {cyto-}.
reverse or remove {de-}.
ten {deca-} {dec-}.
tenth {deci-}.
half {demi-}.
teeth {dent-} {denti-} {dento-}.
skin {derm-} {derma-} {dermo-}.
two {deut-} {deuto-} {deuter-} {deutero-}.
two {di-} {dia-} {dich-} {dicho-}.
negation or reversal {dis-}.
two {duo-}.
disease {dys-}.
electric {electr-} {electro-}.
into or cover or cause {en-} {em-}.
last or inside {end-} {endo-}.
above or around {epi-} {ep-}.
equal {equi-}.
race {ethno-}.
normal {eu-}.
former {ex-}.
outside {exo-}.
outside or extra {extra-} {extro-}.
iron {ferro-}.
front or before {fore-}.
mating {gam-} {gamo-}.
stomach {gastr-} {gastro-}.
Earth or soil {ge-} {geo-}.
produced or producing {gen-} {geno-}.
weight {gravi-}.
female {gyn-} {gyno-} {gynec-} {gyneco-}.
spin {gyr-} {gyro-}.
blood {hem-} {hemo-}.
half {hemi-}.
seven {hepta-} {hept-}.
mixed {heter-} {hetero-}.
six {hexa-} {hex-}.
whole {hol-} {holo-}.
human {hom-} {homo-}.
same {home-} {homeo-}.
water {hydr-} {hydro-}.
more {hyper-}.
sleep {hypn-} {hypno-}.
less {hypo-} {hyp-}.
idea {ideo-}.
own or self {idio-}.
not or in {in-} {il-} {im-} {ir-}.
beneath {infra-}.
among or mutual {inter-}.
within {intra-}.
inward or in {intro-}.
equal {iso-, equal}.
language {lingu-} {lingui-} {linguo-}.
stone {lith-} {litho-}.
speaking {log-} {logo-}.
long {long-}.
light {lumin-} {lumini-} {lumino-}.
large {macr-} {macro-}.
magnetism {magnet-} {magneto-}.
evil or bad {mal-}.
mother {matr-} {matri-} {matro-}.
machine {mechan-} {mechano-}.
middle {medi-} {medio-}.
large or million {mega-} {meg-}.
exaggerated {megal-} {megalo-}.
middle {mes-} {meso-}.
change or behind or middle {meta-, middle} {met-}.
small {micr-} {micro-}.
thousandth {milli-}.
small {mini-}.
bad or wrong or failed {mis-} {miso-}.
one {mon-} {mono-}.
shape {morph-} {morpho-}.
many {multi-}.
billionth {nano-}.
birth {nas-} {naso-} {nasi-}.
death {necr-} {necro-}.
new {ne-} {neo-}.
nerves {nerv-} {nervi-} {nervo-}.
nerves {neur-} {neuro-}.
night {noct-} {nocti-} {nocto-}.
not {non-}.
nucleus {nucle-} {nucleo-}.
eight {octa-} {octo-} {oct-}.
eye {ocul-} {oculo-}.
teeth {odont-} {odonto-}.
oil {ole-} {oleo-}.
few {olig-} {oligo-}.
all {omni-}.
existence or life {ont-} {onto-}.
egg {oo-}.
eye {ophthalm-} {ophthalmo-}.
mouth {oro-}.
correct or across from {orth-} {ortho-, correct}.
bone {oste-} {osteo-}.
vestibular system {ot-} {oto-}.
outside or surpassing {out-}.
egg {ov-} {ovi-} {ovo-}.
excessive {over-}.
ancient {pale-} {paleo-}.
all {pan-}.
near or like {para-, near} {par-}.
disease {path-} {patho-}.
nation or father {patr-} {patri-} {patro-}.
foot {ped-} {pedo-}.
five {penta-} {pent-}.
containing the most {per-}.
around {peri-}.
rock or petroleum {petr-} {petri-} {petro-}.
pharmaceutical {pharmaco-}.
displaying {pheno-}.
love {phil-} {philo-}.
sound {phon-} {phono-}.
light {phos-}.
light or photography {phot-} {photo-}.
tree-like {phyl-} {phylo-}.
natural or physical {physi-} {physio-}.
plant {phyt-} {phyto-}.
trillionth {pico-}.
squeezing {piezo-}.
feather or hair {pil-} {pili-} {pilo-}.
flat {plan-} {plano-}.
plasma {plasm-} {plasmo-}.
many {pleio-} {pleo-} {plio-}.
full or abundant {plen-}.
more than one {pluri-}.
air or gas {pneum-} {pneumo-} {pneumat-} {pneumato-}.
many {poly-}.
after {post-}.
before {pre-}.
substitute or in front {pro-}.
earliest {prot-} {proto-}.
false {pseud-} {pseudo-}.
mind {psych-} {psycho-}.
fire {pyr-} {pyro-}.
four {quadri-} {quadr-} {quadru-}.
radiation {radio-}.
repeat {re-}.
going backward {retro-}.
nose {rhin-} {rhino-}.
red or rosy {rhod-} {rhodo-}.
sacred {sacr-} {sacro-}.
flesh {sarc-} {sarco-}.
excrement {scat-} {scato-}.
split {schiz-} {schizo-}.
division {sect-}.
earthquake {seismo-}.
self {self-}.
half {semi-}.
one and a half or too long {sesqui-}.
six {sex-} {sexi-}.
society {socio-}.
knowledge {soph-}.
spectrum {spectro-}.
narrow {sten-} {steno-}.
related by remarriage {step-}.
three-dimensional {stere-} {stereo-}.
writing or style {styl-} {styli-} {stylo-}.
under {sub-}.
over {super-}.
above or beyond {supra-}.
added or above {sur-}.
together or group {syn-} {sym-}.
simultaneous {synchro-}.
redundancy {taut-} {tauto-}.
arranging in order {taxi-} {taxo-}.
technology {techno-}.
distance {tele-} {tel-}.
purpose {telo-}.
three {ter-}.
end or final {term-}.
four {tetra-} {tetr-}.
gods {the-} {theo-}.
temperature {therm-} {thermo-}.
features {top-} {topo-}.
poison {tox-} {toxo-} {toxic-} {toxico-}.
transferring or across {trans-}.
three {tri-}.
turn {trop-} {tropo-}.
rotation {turbo-}.
between {twi-}.
farthest or highest {ultra-}.
not or reverse {un-}.
under {under-}.
one {uni-}.
high or up {up-}.
variety {vari-} {vario-}.
second or representing {vice-}.
good {well-}.
strange {xen-} {xeno-}.
dry {xer-} {xero-}.
wood {xyl-} {xylo-}.
animal {zoo-}.
union or paired {zyg-} {zygo-}.
able {-ability}.
able or inclined {-able}.
sweetened {-ade}.
condition or collection {-age}.
leader {-agogue} {-agog}.
relating to or action {-al}.
relating to {-an} {-ian} {-ean}.
collection {-ana}.
action or quality {-ance} {-ancy}.
husband {-andry} {-androus}.
like {-ar}.
leader {-arch} {-archy}.
excessive {-ard} {-art}.
believer {-arian}.
place or machine {-arium}.
associated {-ary}.
having or deriving from {-ate} {-ated}.
action or state {-ation}.
nature of {-ative}.
acting in specific way {-ator}.
connected with or tending to {-atory}.
living {-biotic}.
center {-centric}.
color {-chrome}.
kill {-cide} {-cidal}.
ruler {-cracy}.
government person {-crat}.
quality or rank or action {-cy}.
cell {-cyte}.
condition {-dom}.
arena {-drome}.
removal {-ectomy}.
past tense {-ed}.
recipient or resemblance {-ee}.
working with {-eer}.
made of or resembling {-en}.
condition or action {-ence} {-ency}.
resembling or essence of {-eous}.
comparative {-er}.
place or collection or skill or condition {-ery}.
plural {-es}.
light emitting {-escence} {-escent}.
inhabitant or style or language {-ese}.
manner {-esque}.
female {-ess}.
superlative {-est}.
small {-et}.
ordinal number {-eth} {-th}.
small {-ette}.
small or condition {-ey}.
making {-faction} {-facient}.
producing or containing {-ferous}.
festival {-fest}.
making {-fication}.
multiplication or division {-fold}.
shape {-form}.
having or tending or full {-ful}.
make or cause {-fy}.
mating {-gamy}.
produced or producing {-gen} {-genic} {-genous} {-geny}.
sided {-gon}.
written or drawn {-gram}.
written or drawn {-graph} {-graphic} {-graphy}.
writer or drawer {-grapher}.
female {-gynous} {-gyny}.
surfaced {-hedral} {-hedron}.
group or condition {-hood}.
disease {-ia}.
about {-ial}.
collection {-iana}.
medical {-iatric} {-iatrics} {-iatry}.
ability {-ibility}.
able {-ible}.
about {-ic} {-ical}.
person {-ician}.
science or art {-ics}.
body or particle {-id}.
relation or ability {-ile}.
neutral {-in}.
belonging to or resembling {-ine}.
process or necessity or particle {-ing}.
state or process {-ion}.
full or property {-ious}.
feature {-ish}.
theory or state or process {-ism}.
producer or student or exhibitor {-ist}.
about {-istic}.
native or member {-ite}.
inflammation {-itis}.
quality {-ity}.
tendency {-ive}.
process {-ization}.
cause or do {-ize}.
small or short {-kin}.
lack {-less}.
small or for wearing {-let}.
similar {-like}.
small or associated with {-ling}.
stone {-lith} {-lithic}.
speaking {-logue} {-log}.
subject {-logy}.
periodic or characteristic {-ly}.
dissolving {-lysis} {-lytic} {-lyze}.
dissolvable {-lyte}.
supernatural use of {-mancy}.
enthusiasm {-mania}.
skill {-manship}.
product or action {-ment}.
part {-mer} {-mere}.
measuring {-meter} {-metric} {-metry}.
shape {-morph} {-morphic} {-morphism} {-morphosis} {-morphous} {-morphy}.
most or nearest {-most}.
condition {-ness}.
law {-nomy}.
pathway {-ode}.
teeth {-odontia}.
resembling {-oid}.
unit {-on}.
word {-onym}.
examination {-opsy}.
doer {-or}.
associated {-ory}.
carbohydrate {-ose}.
condition {-osis}.
condition {-otic}.
possessing or full of {-ous}.
bearing {-parous}.
disease {-path}.
perception or disease {-pathy}.
foot {-ped} {-pede}.
eating {-phage} {-phagia} {-phagous} {-phagy}.
affinity for {-phil} {-phile}.
tendency {-philia} {-philic} {-philous}.
fear {-phobe} {-phobic}.
sound {-phone} {-phony}.
carrier {-phore} {-phoresis}.
mental disease {-phrenia}.
leaf {-phyll}.
plant {-phyte} {-phytic}.
growth {-plasia}.
cell or tissue {-plasm} {-plast}.
plastic {-plastic}.
foot {-pod}.
city {-polis}.
place or collection or feature {-ry}.
plural {-s}.
scene {-scape}.
observing {-scope} {-scopy}.
cut {-sect}.
status or condition {-ship}.
condition {-sis}.
worker {-smith}.
feature or body or group {-some}.
knowledge {-sophy}.
superlative {-st}.
not moving or balanced {-stasis} {-stat}.
doer or be-er {-ster}.
medical procedure {-stomy}.
movement {-taxis}.
gods {-theism} {-theist}.
temperature {-thermy}.
cutting {-tomy}.
female doer {-trix}.
machine {-tron}.
nutrition or growth {-trophic} {-trophy}.
turn {-tropic} {-tropism} {-tropous} {-tropy}.
condition or quality {-tude}.
condition or quality {-ty}.
small {-ule}.
function or process {-ure}.
technology {-urgy}.
eating {-vorous}.
direction {-ward}.
position {-ways}.
feature or small {-y}.
individual {-zoa} {-zoan} {-zoic}.
union or paired {-zygous}.
Nouns are about amount, persons, color, region, personal, space, time, or thing {nouns}.
reduction in number {attrition}.
thirteen {baker's dozen}.
lack {dearth}.
decrease {decrement}.
characteristic {denominator, characteristic}.
two {deuce, two}.
decrease {diminution}.
zero {goose egg}.
gradually increasing stages {gradation}.
small increase {increment}.
infinite amount {infinitude}.
mixed group {menagerie}.
small details {minutiae}.
small amount {modicum}.
part {moiety}.
small lump {nodule, small lump}.
small amount {nubbin}.
small amount {paucity}.
plenty {plenitude}.
plenty {surfeit}.
three {triplicate}.
collection {trove}.
two {twain}.
small remainder {vestige}.
white {alabaster, color}.
orange {amber, color}.
blue {aqua}.
blue {aquamarine, color}.
dark brown {auburn}.
blue {azure}.
blue {baby blue}.
brownish white {beige}.
red {cardinal, color}.
red {carmine}.
light green {celadon}.
greenish-blue {cerulean}.
light yellow-green {chartreuse, color}.
light gray {columbine, color}.
red with some blue {crimson, color}.
light tan {ecru}.
purple-red {fuchsia, color}.
dark gray {gun-metal}.
purple {heliotrope, color}.
ultramarine and deep blue {indigo, ultramarine}.
light brown {khaki}.
violet {lavender, color}.
reddish-purple {magenta}.
brownish-red {maroon}.
light purple {mauve}.
dark yellow-brown {ochre}.
light green {olive, color}.
red {oxblood}.
silver {platinum blonde}.
light yellow {primrose, color}.
purple {puce}.
brown speckled with gray {roan}.
deep blue {royal blue}.
red {ruddy}.
reddish-brown {russet}.
black {sable, color}.
yellow-orange {saffron, color}.
pink {salmon, color}.
red with some orange {scarlet}.
dark green {sea green}.
light brown {sepia}.
light blue {sky blue}.
dark gray {slate, color}.
yellow-brown or reddish-brown {sorrel, color}.
green blue-green {spring green, color}.
light blue {steel blue}.
light brown {tan}.
brownish-gray {taupe}.
brownish-yellow or light yellow-brown {tawny}.
dark greenish-blue {teal blue}.
reddish-gold or reddish-brown {titian}.
dark yellow {topaz, color}.
blue blue-green {turquoise, color}.
indigo and deep blue {ultramarine, color}.
brownish-red {umber}.
many-colored {varicolored}.
red-orange {vermilion, color}.
bluish-purple {violet, color}.
green {virescent}.
yellowish-red {wallflower, color}.
assembly {assemblage}.
people in state {body politic}.
advisers {brain trust}.
secret society {cabal}.
small trained group {cadre}.
meeting {caucus}.
parade {cavalcade}.
100 soldiers {century, soldier}.
prisoners {chain gang}.
business group {chamber of commerce}.
coastal navy {coast guard}.
group living {collective}.
seminar {colloquium}.
group living {commune}.
gathering {conclave}.
legislature {congress}.
business group {consortium}.
people in political region {constituency}.
small group {contingent, people}.
assembly {convocation}.
people cooperating {co-op} {cooperative}.
small intimate group {coterie}.
ball {cotillion}.
advisers {council}.
small group {coven}.
small group sent from one group to another {deputation}.
small group of soldiers {detachment, soldier}.
small group of soldiers {detail}.
legislature {diet, legislature}.
two people {duo}.
hereditary rulers {dynasty}.
people in political region {electorate}.
small group of musicians {ensemble, people}.
people traveling with someone {entourage}.
explorers {expedition}.
political group {faction}.
Subversive group can spy and commit sabotage {fifth column}.
public discussion {forum}.
press (Edmund Burke) {fourth estate}.
secret fraternity {freemasonry}.
receptionists {front office}.
celebration {gala}.
Paths {gauntlet} can be between two lines of men who intend to injure.
farmer association {grange}.
group of skilled workers {guild}.
concubines of one man {harem}.
knowledgeable people {intelligentsia}.
judges {judiciary}.
court for predetermined judgment {kangaroo court}.
informal advisers {kitchen cabinet}.
friends {kith}.
non-clerical people {laity}.
large group {legion}.
conservatives {old guard}.
society with several leaders {oligarchy}.
institution around pope {papacy}.
legislature {parliament}.
rank {pecking order}.
political region under one government {polity}.
people {populace}.
insurgents {popular front}.
court of ministers and elders {presbytery}.
socialist-country permanent executive committee {presidium}.
royal advisers {privy council}.
walkers {promenade}.
low-ranking people as whole {rabble}.
assembly for purpose {rally, person}.
rulers {regime}.
attendants and followers {retinue}.
meeting of few students {seminar}.
religious school {seminary}.
legislature {senate}.
seven people {septet}.
volunteer association {service club}.
six people {sextet, people}.
opposition cabinet {shadow cabinet}.
assembly {soviet}.
permanent committee {standing committee}.
committee to schedule larger group {steering committee}.
single-topic conference {symposium}.
church-official council {synod}.
group to accomplish task {task force}.
gang {tong}.
court {tribunal}.
three rulers {triumvirate}.
artistic group {troupe}.
higher-class people {upper crust}.
small group that leads larger {vanguard}.
native {aborigine}.
follower of leader {accessory}.
maximally skilled person {ace}.
follower {acolyte}.
politically active person {activist}.
assistant {adjutant}.
teenager {adolescent}.
married person sexually active with another {adulterer}.
opponent {adversary}.
art appreciating person {aesthete}.
inciter {agitator, person}.
person suspending belief {agnostic}.
person alarming others {alarmist}.
person with no skin pigment {albino}.
People {ally} can assist people.
robot {android}.
person liking things about England {anglophile}.
devil {antichrist}.
person explaining dogma {apologist}.
deserter {apostate}.
ingratiating person {apple polisher}.
mediator {arbiter}.
main enemy {archenemy}.
upper-class person with inherited wealth {aristocrat}.
self-denying person {ascetic}.
non-believer in God {atheist}.
aborigine {autochthon}.
person exerting his or her power {autocrat}.
robot {automaton}.
archetype {avatar}.
sir {babu}.
drunkard {bacchant}.
college degree holder or unmarried man {bachelor}.
low-ranking legislator {backbencher}.
ballet lover {balletomane}.
aggressive woman {banshee}.
uncivilized person {barbarian}.
People {barfly} can frequent bars.
illegitimately born person {bastard}.
large aggressive woman {battle-ax}.
prostitute {bawd}.
People {beachcomber} can walk beaches looking for artifacts.
boyfriend {beau}.
People {benefactor} can assist others.
assistant to male at wedding {best man}.
engaged female {betrothed}.
hen {biddy}.
domestic spy agency {big brother}.
prejudiced person {bigot}.
dignitary {bigwig}.
walker using two legs {biped}.
prodigal person {black sheep}.
immoral person {blackguard}.
man {bloke}.
intimate male friend {blood brother}.
aristocrat {blue blood}.
puritanical person {bluenose}.
female scholar {bluestocking}.
evil spirit {bogy} {bogie}.
uncouth person {boor}.
boaster {braggart}.
upper class person {brahmin, aristocrat}.
military officer {brass, army}.
high military officer {brass hat}.
male members of group {brethren}.
female about to marry at wedding {bride}.
assistant to bride at wedding {bridesmaid}.
pirate {brigand}.
pirate {buccaneer}.
person not taking responsibility {buck passer}.
clownishly behaving person {buffoon}.
naive person {bumpkin}.
fat person {butterball}.
Drama hero can be moody, alone, sensitive, bold, free, and melancholy {Byronic hero}.
person behaving ungentlemanly {cad}.
Women {camp follower} can accompany male groups.
People {carpetbagger} from another region can enter regions to make money.
person used by another unwittingly {cat's-paw}.
faker {charlatan}.
prejudiced person in favor own group {chauvinist}.
child with rosy face, or second-ranked angel {cherub}.
rude surly person {churl}.
unimportant person {cipher}.
People {clotheshorse} can have many clothes.
proud person {cock of the walk}.
lower-class Londoner {cockney}.
eccentric person {codger}.
companion {cohort}.
co-worker {colleague}.
young Irish woman {colleen}.
non-royal person {commoner}.
communion receiver {communicant}.
fellow patriot {compatriot}.
peer {compeer}.
ally {confederate}.
People {confidant} can receive intimate information.
brother-like person {confrere}.
People {conscientious objector} can morally oppose being soldiers.
flirt {coquette}.
same-religion person {coreligionist}.
letter writer {correspondent}.
cosmopolitan person {cosmopolite}.
fop {coxcomb}.
low-class farmer {cracker, person}.
irritable person {crank, person}.
timid person {cream puff, person}.
stupid person {cretin}.
witch-like woman {crone}.
man whose wife is unfaithful {cuckold}.
blustery person {curmudgeon}.
People {cynic} can believe that people always act selfishly.
young woman {damsel}.
fop {dandy}.
debt non-repayer or lazy person {deadbeat}.
dead person {decedent}.
god {deity}.
leader arousing emotions and prejudices {demagogue}.
god-like person {demigod}.
person from whom another person pays expenses {dependent}.
People {derelict, person} can act irresponsibly.
Soldiers {deserter} can leave without intending to come back.
tyrant {despot}.
People {devil's advocate} can argue the opposite for sake of argument.
official {dignitary}.
lesbian {dike, person}.
person forced to leave his or her country {displaced person} (DP).
disagreer {dissident}.
person out of favor {dog in the manger}.
stupid person {dolt}.
timid person {doormat}.
stupid person {dotard}.
widowed aristocrat {dowager}.
lazy person {drone, lazy}.
dull person {drudge}.
city-dweller at ranch or farm {dude}.
enthusiastic worker {eager beaver}.
oddly behaving person {eccentric}.
People can think mainly about self {egoist}.
conceited person {egotist}.
small magical person {elf}.
person knowledgeable about food and drink {epicure}.
creative-person imitator or follower {epigone}.
person setting example {exemplar}.
person sent out of his or her country {exile}.
explainer {exponent, person}.
outgoing person {extrovert}.
fairy {faerie}.
People {fall guy} can receive blame for actions they did not do.
Fathers {family man} can put his family first.
People {fancier} can like specific objects.
well-dressed person {fashion plate}.
A person {favorite son} from a state can receive state-delegation votes.
communist sympathizer {fellow traveler}.
puppet {figurehead}.
agitator {firebrand}.
lackey {flunky}.
group {fenced enclosure} {fold}.
dandy {fop}.
ancestor {forebear}.
abandoned child {foundling}.
bluffer {four-flusher}.
pirate {freebooter}.
People {freethinker} can reject religious doctrine.
provocative person {gadfly}.
homeless boy {gamin}.
People {gastronome} can appreciate and know good food.
non-Jew {gentile, non-Jew}.
ghost {ghoul}.
Men {gigolo} can please older women for money.
Men {godfather} can care for children or community.
god {godhead}.
Women {gold digger} can want only money from men.
Living beings {golem} can have no soul or be unable to speak. In Talmud, Adam was a golem before receiving a soul. A 17th-century myth was the Golem of Prague. Golem also means shapeless or not completely formed thing.
People {gourmand} can enjoy good food.
gentile {goy}.
homeless poor child {guttersnipe}.
man born to non-mother spouse of one's parent {half-brother}.
woman born to non-mother spouse of one's parent {half-sister}.
shrew {harpy}.
Women {harridan} can speak harshly.
harasser {harrier}.
People {hatchet man} can do jobs too unpleasant for others.
rube {hayseed}.
star {headliner}.
not Jew, Christian, or Muslim {heathen}.
dishonorable man {heel}.
People {heir} can be in line to inherit.
People {heir apparent} can be inline to succeed a leader.
wild woman {hellcat}.
wild woman {hellion}.
non-believer in orthodoxy {heretic}.
rube {hick}.
self-important person {his nibs}.
peddler or advertisement writer {huckster}.
humane person {humanist}.
immoral woman {hussy}.
People {hypocrite} can proclaim something but do the opposite.
devotee {idolater}.
agitator {incendiary}.
current officeholder {incumbent}.
person with no or different religion {infidel}.
questioner {interlocutor}.
intruder {interloper}.
mediator {intermediary}.
questioner {interrogator}.
People {isolationist} can want nation not to participate in international affairs.
first-generation Japanese immigrants {issei}.
wicked woman {jezebel}.
People {kingmaker} can influence who becomes political leader.
ignoble man {knave}.
New York City resident {knickerbocker}.
Poet can have too much sensitivity and imagination {la poete maudit}.
servile person {lackey}.
Men {ladies' man} can dress and speak to please women.
not clergyman {layman}.
sexually active man {lecher}.
socialist {leftist}.
People {legman} can do project legwork.
Behavior or appearance can cause others to avoid people {leper}, or people can have leprosy.
Irish elf {leprechaun}.
Women {lesbian} can prefer sexual activity with females.
rent payer {lessee}.
rent collector {lessor}.
People {libertarian} can believe in personal freedom for most situations.
promiscuous person {libertine}.
person in lawsuit {litigant}.
seducer {lothario}.
stupid uncivilized person {lout}.
important person {luminary}.
An unmarried woman {maid of honor} assists bride at weddings.
discontented person {malcontent}.
People {malefactor} can intend evil toward another.
People {mark, person} can bet foolishly.
People {martinet} can insist on discipline.
People {martyr} can die for causes.
sexually aggressive man {masher}.
Australian buddy {mate}.
People {maverick} can think or act differently than others.
People {migrant} can work in a succession of places.
timid man or boy {milksop}.
dependent {minion}.
coquette {minx}.
People {misanthrope} can dislike people.
villain {miscreant}.
business leader {mogul}.
child {moppet}.
conservative {mossback}.
charlatan trickster or joker {mountebank}.
People {mouthpiece, person} can speak for another.
People {mugwump} can be too independent and self-respecting.
People {mulatto} can have a black parent and a white parent.
preserved dead person {mummy}.
Moscow resident {muscovite}.
People {muse, person} can inspire.
wealthy or important person {nabob}.
People {nationalist} can believe that nation should pursue its self-interest.
national socialist {nazi}.
klansman {nightrider}.
second-generation Japanese in America {nisei}.
People {nomad} can travel with whole household among regions.
minority {nonage}.
young woman {nymph}.
person in their eighties {octogenarian}.
People {octoroon} can have a white parent and a quadroon parent or white grandparent and seven black grandparents.
white person {ofay}.
cruel person {ogre}.
person with traditional values {old school person}.
People {opposite number} can have the same position in another organization.
Mexican-American teenage gangster {pachuco}.
People {pacifist} can be always against war.
heathen {pagan}.
Catholic {papist}.
baby held in carrier by native {papoose}.
excellence model {paragon}.
lover {paramour}.
long-time master {past master}.
organization supporter {patron}.
poor person {pauper}.
People {pedant} can speak like books.
Men {pederast} can commit sodomy with boys.
same-rank or same-accomplishment person {peer}.
retired person {pensioner}.
People {pessimist} can believe that bad outcomes will usually happen.
Art can have no effect on some people {philistine}.
black child {pickaninny}.
Gamblers {piker} can bet only small amounts.
People {pilgrim} can travel to religious sites.
People {pioneer} can be first to settle regions.
good person {pip}.
People {polemicist} can promulgate arguments.
coward {poltroon}.
vain talker {popinjay}.
People {populist} can favor common people and/or their supposed ideas over wealthy or scholarly people.
People {poseur} can want to impress others.
People {pretender} can think that he or she can defeat or replace champion or leader.
smug and small-minded person {prig}.
People with disease can lead doctor to test other family members {proband}.
ancestor {progenitor}.
offspring {progeny}.
advocate {proponent}.
prospective customer {prospect, person}.
tavern drinker {publican}.
wit {pundit}.
People {purist} can insist on following defined rules.
short slight human {pygmy}.
People can have one white grandparent and three black grandparents {quadroon}.
traitor {quisling}.
prejudiced person {racist}.
immoral man {rake, person}.
not idealist {realist}.
People {recluse} can stay away from public.
coward {recreant}.
south USA white laborer {redneck}.
immoral person {reprobate}.
professional poker player {rounder}.
unskilled laborer {roustabout}.
People {royalist} can be loyal to king.
simple-minded person {rube}.
mistake-prone person {sad sack}.
wise person {sage, person}.
third-generation Japanese immigrants {sansei}.
person knowing subject {savant}.
irresponsible person {scapegrace}.
boastful coward {scaramouch}.
heir {scion}.
People {scourge} can cause widespread harm.
prophet {seer}.
person in his or her seventies {septuagenarian}.
ghost {shade, ghost}.
cheater {sharp}.
shrill ill-tempered woman {shrew, woman}.
tricky lawyer {shyster}.
brother or sister {sibling} (sib).
aristocrat {silk-stocking}.
People {skeptic} can doubt and question.
slow person {sluggard}.
sly person {slyboots}.
sneaky person {snake in the grass}.
crybaby {sob sister}.
People can want to be in higher social classes {social climber}.
questionably reasoning person {sophist}.
knowledgeable person {sophisticate}.
drunk {sot}.
intimate {soul mate}.
People {sounding board, person} can listen to other's ideas.
lefthander {southpaw}.
ghost {specter}.
old unmarried woman {spinster}.
abusive woman {spitfire}.
People {sport, person} can like to play.
elf or pixie {sprite}.
native woman {squaw}.
starving person {starveling}.
stodgy conservative {stick-in-the-mud}.
People {stickler} can follow rules and insist that others do so.
person used by another {stooge}.
police informer or spy {stool pigeon}.
city-street child {street arab}.
adolescent {stripling}.
prostitute {strumpet}.
attractive man {stud, man}.
pompous person {stuffed shirt}.
person ruled by king {subject, monarchy}.
pre-adolescent {subteen}.
not yet weaned mammal {suckling}.
Women {suffragette} can agitate for right to vote.
Men {suitor} can want to marry a woman.
extra {supernumerary}.
supplicating person {suppliant} {supplicant}.
country boy or boyfriend {swain}.
dandy {swell}.
voluptuary {sybarite}.
flatterer and attendant {sycophant}.
slender graceful young woman {sylph}.
renter {tenant}.
shrewish woman {termagant}.
person unable to enforce his will {tinhorn}.
blond-haired person {towhead}.
People {traditionalist} can follow traditions.
eater {trencherman}.
caveman {troglodyte}.
Scandinavian cave dweller or dweller under bridges {troll} can have magical powers.
People {turncoat} can switch loyalties.
despot {tyrant}.
sophomore {tyro}.
homeless person or public nuisance {vagrant}.
scoundrel {varlet}.
brain dead {vegetable}.
People {vegetarian} can eat only fruits and vegetables.
People {villain} can intend to harm another.
harsh woman {virago}.
Women {virgin} can have never had sexual intercourse.
prophet {visionary}.
guest {visitant}.
evil bad-tempered woman {vixen}.
sensuous person {voluptuary}.
People {voyeur} can secretly observe sexual events or objects.
wit {wag}.
homeless abandoned child {waif}.
timid person {wallflower, person}.
person under guardian or court {ward}.
experienced person {war-horse}.
People {water rat} can love to swim.
young woman {wench}.
People {werewolf} can change into wolves.
Illegal immigrants can cross through water {wetback}.
scapegoat {whipping boy}.
man whose wife died {widower}.
wisecracker {wisenheimer}.
ghost {wraith}.
nationalist {xenophobe}.
brute {yahoo}.
People {yes-man} can always agree with another.
People {zealot} can have devotion to a cause.
abbot {abbé}.
female abbot {abbess}.
church or monastery leader {abbot}.
professor {academician}.
business record keeper {accountant}.
gymnast {acrobat}.
assistant {aide, assistant}.
church official {alderman}.
permanent diplomatic-mission leader {ambassador}.
religious hermit {anchorite}.
news reader {anchorman} {anchorwoman}.
historian {antiquarian}.
pharmacist {apothecary}.
student of tradesman {apprentice}.
church official {archbishop}.
duke {archduke}.
building designer {architect}.
skilled worker {artisan}.
beginning professor {assistant professor}.
middle-stage professor {associate professor}.
Anglo-Saxon prince {atheling}.
highest lawyer {attorney general}.
Writers can be great poets {bard}.
circus announcer {barker}.
male low-level nobility {baron, noble}.
minor church official {beadle}.
People {beautician} can beautify others.
English royal guardsman {beefeater}.
hotel baggage carrier {bellboy}.
Ottoman governor, Egyptian official, or Tunisian king {bey}.
high church official {bishop}.
iron wright or manual iron worker {blacksmith} {smith} {smithy}.
ship deck officer {boatswain} {bosun}.
policeman {bobby}.
iron worker {boilermaker}.
innkeeper, hotel manager, nightclub owner, or restaurateur {boniface}.
bet arranger {bookmaker} {bookie}.
shoe shiner {bootblack}.
People {bouncer} can evict unruly patrons.
brass worker {brazier}.
securities-trade arranger {broker}.
treasurer {bursar}.
People {busboy} can remove dirty dishes at restaurants.
captain's young servant {cabin boy}.
person carrying golf bag for another {caddie, golf}.
ruler {caesar}.
high-class prostitute {call girl}.
middle-ranking military officer {captain}.
royal minister {chamberlain}.
non-profit-institution leader {chancellor}.
treasurer {chancellor of the exchequer}.
dealer {chandler}.
minister to military or lay group {chaplain}.
cleaning woman {charwoman}.
back doctor {chiropractor}.
chorus member {chorine}.
house, road, and other public-work designer {civil engineer}.
low church official {clergyman}.
priest {cleric}.
doctor {clinician}.
clothing seller {clothier}.
shoemaker {cobbler, shoe}.
coal miner {collier}.
communist official {commissar}.
financial official {comptroller}.
first violinist {concertmaster}.
female sex partner {concubine}.
Priests {confessor} can listen to confessions.
guardian {conservator}.
ruler's spouse {consort}.
sheriff {constable}.
financial official {controller}.
indentured worker {coolie}.
Young people {copyboy} can carry copy around newsrooms.
People {copyreader} can proofread.
psychologist {counselor, psychologist}.
Public officials {county agent} can help farmers.
deliverer {courier}.
high-class prostitute {courtesan}.
court attendant {courtier}.
clothing designer {couturier}.
boat steerer {coxswain}.
dice game manager {croupier}.
man in line to throne {crown prince}.
church official {curate}.
art museum collection manager {curator}.
parish priest {curé}.
janitor {custodian}.
French king's oldest son {dauphin}.
unskilled laborer {day laborer}.
low church official or layman assisting minister {deacon}.
faculty administrator senior group member {dean}.
elected representative {delegate}.
authorized assistant {deputy}.
detective {dick}.
follower {disciple}.
clergyman {divine}.
part-time teacher {docent}.
servant {domestic}.
drawer {draftsman}.
Celtic priest {druid}.
marching-band leader {drum major}.
high female nobility {duchess, person}.
high male nobility {duke}.
middle male nobility {earl}.
exotic dancer {ecdysiast}.
lay church official {elder, person}.
voter in assembly {elector}.
government agent sent to another country {emissary}.
ruler of more than one state {emperor}.
civil, electrical, chemical, or mechanical work designer {engineer}.
government agent sent to another country {envoy, person}.
horse rider {equestrian}.
person accompanying another {escort}.
person with rank just below knight {esquire}.
administrator {executive}.
People {extern} can work for organizations outside regular locations.
employee with many tasks {factotum}.
People {fakir} can perform to receive money.
Arab peasant {fellah}.
scholarly-group member {fellow}.
advertising or marketing person {flak, person}.
jazz-age woman {flapper}.
detective {flatfoot}.
servant {footman}.
monk {friar}.
business representative {front man}.
official {functionary}.
fur seller {furrier}.
electrician or old person {gaffer, old person}.
doctor {general practitioner} (GP).
glass worker {glazier}.
sailor {gob}.
thug {goon}.
Women {governess} can teach wealthy-people's children.
state or province leader {governor, leader}.
noble {grandee}.
detective {gumshoe}.
Women {gun moll} can accompany gangsters during crimes.
men's clothes and accessory seller {haberdasher}.
taxi driver {hack, person}.
Persons {hacker, person} can explore boundaries of what is possible in computing.
actor or amateur radio operator {ham, person}.
Persons can schedule other-person's work {handler}.
noblewoman's woman servant {handmaiden}.
clown {harlequin}.
prostitute {harlot}.
partner in crime {henchman}.
roadside robber {highwayman}.
mercenary {hireling}.
dancer {hoofer}.
prostitute {hooker}.
Locomotive operators {hostler} can work only in local yards.
Women {housemother} can supervise dormitories.
People {informant} can impart information.
hospital patient {in-patient}.
questioner from authority {inquisitor}.
student worker {intern}.
post-graduate medical worker {internist}.
court humorist {jester}.
Job lot buyer sells for installation {jobber}.
furniture and cabinet maker {joiner}.
master tradesman working for another {journeyman}.
armored horsemen {knight}.
wandering knight {knight-errant}.
Noblewomen {lady-in-waiting} can attend queens or princesses.
Tibetan or Mongolian monk {lama}.
mineralologist {lapidary}.
emissary {legate}.
libretto writer {librettist}.
People {licentiate} can have obtained licenses.
vassal or lord {liege}.
British sailor {limey}.
Lenders {loan shark} can charge high interest and demand payment.
dockworker {longshoreman}.
feudal estate owner {lord}.
highest chancellor {lord chancellor}.
People {lyricist} can write lyrics.
Women {madam} can have prostitution businesses.
former prostitute {magdalen} {magdalene}.
law administrator {magistrate}.
important or rich businessman {magnate, businessman}.
Unmarried noblewomen {maid-in-waiting} can attend queens or princesses.
headwaiter {majordomo}.
nursemaid {mammy}.
high public official {mandarin}.
marquis {marchese}.
marquise {marchioness}.
state ruler {margrave}.
sailor {mariner}.
People {marshal} can execute court orders.
bricklayer or concrete worker {mason} {masonry}.
bullfighter {matador, bullfighter}.
family or clan female leader {matriarch}.
elderly dignified woman {matron}.
Doctors {medical examiner} can examine bodies for causes of death.
spiritualist {medium}.
beggar or poor friar {mendicant}.
teacher and encourager {mentor}.
savior {messiah}.
intermediary for sale {middleman}.
sailor {midshipman} {middy}.
Women {midwife} can aid baby delivery.
grain grinder {miller}.
cloth seller {milliner}.
People {moderator} can mediate debates or conferences.
Women {moll} can accompany gangsters.
seller {monger}.
People {monitor, person} can control other's movements in areas, or screens can allow monitoring.
funeral parlor owner {mortician}.
Muslim religion and law teacher {mullah}.
masked dancer {mummer}.
Women {nanny} can care for wealthy parents' children.
narcotics agent {nark}.
People {naturalist} can observe and study nature.
predictor of future and communer with dead {necromancer}.
beginner {neophyte}.
beginner or person training to take religious vows {novice} {novitiate}.
woman in religious order {nun}.
papal representative {nuncio}.
official {officiary}.
People {ombudsman} can act on citizen complaints.
People {optician} can measure for and sell glasses.
prophet {oracle}.
formal speaker {orator}.
person has procedure in hospital but does not stay {out-patient}.
horse riding attendant {outrider}.
region controller {overlord}.
messenger or errand person {page}.
knight-like person {paladin}.
casket carrier {pallbearer}.
liaison for sexual encounters {panderer}.
dignitary {panjandrum}.
legislator {parliamentarian}.
minister {parson}.
minister {pastor}.
family or clan male leader {patriarch}.
saint for activity or entity {patron saint}.
People {pawnbroker} can loan or give money in exchange for keeping goods.
schoolteacher {pedagogue}.
unskilled laborer {peon}.
Egyptian king more than 2300 years ago {pharaoh}.
People {pharmacist} can formulate and dispense drugs.
prostitute {pickup}.
woman {piece}.
Men {pimp} can schedule prostitutes.
People {pitchman} can appear in advertisements.
non-uniformed on-duty policeman {plainclothesman}.
People {playwright} can write dramas.
prospective fraternity member {pledge, person}.
government representative {plenipotentiary}.
official poet {poet laureate}.
pope {pontiff}.
Rider can guide horses pulling carriage {postillion}.
post office administrator {postmaster} {postmaster general}.
People {postulant} {pre-novice} can prepare to become novices.
powerful person {potentate}.
clay worker {potter}.
Licensed nurses {practical nurse} can practice under registered nurses or physicians.
teacher {preceptor}.
high official {prefect}.
bishop or high church official {prelate}.
government leader in parliamentary systems {premier}.
president {prexy}.
queen's husband {prince consort}.
exam supervisor {proctor}.
Roman provincial official {procurator} handled finances and emperor's estates.
pimp {procurer}.
People {promoter, person} can stage productions.
Ship officers {purser} can handle money.
woman {queen}.
storyteller {raconteur}.
real estate broker {realtor}.
parish priest, or school principal or headmaster {rector}.
porter {redcap}.
board member {regent}.
Nurses {registered nurse} can practice independently.
official recorder {registrar}.
restaurant owner {restaurateur}.
People {rhetorician} can study and use rhetoric.
noble person {royalty}.
Sexton or assistant at liturgy handles vessels and vestments {sacristan}.
horse-equipment seller {saddler}.
People {salutatorian} can give the greeting at meetings.
Governors {satrap} can be responsible only to king.
wood sawer {sawyer}.
Medieval writers can be bards {scop}.
writer or copyist {scribe}.
reserve player {scrub}.
dishwasher {scullion}.
USA navy construction engineer {seabee}.
People {second, dueling} can assist duelists.
house robber {second-story man}.
New England town official {selectman}.
peasant {serf}.
Officials {sergeant at arms} can keep order in courts or assemblies.
attendant {servitor}.
church caretaker {sexton}.
magician {shaman}.
detective {shamus}.
Tenant farmers {sharecropper} can pay rent in crops.
Arab leader {sheik}.
swindler's accomplice {shill}.
ship building worker {shipfitter}.
Japanese first commander {shogun}.
union member selected to represent workers {shop steward}.
Prophetess {sibyl} was at Delphi.
musician {sideman}.
signer {signatory}.
father or lord {sire}.
porter {skycap}.
prostitute {slattern}.
detective {sleuth}.
senator {solon}.
wizard {sorcerer}.
king {sovereign, king}.
rock hunter {spelunker}.
People {squatter} with no title can settle on land.
noble attendant to knight {squire, person}.
heating, ventilation, and cooling system installer and repairer {steam fitter}.
People {steeplejack} can work on high structures.
dockworker {stevedore}.
household manager for estate {steward}.
stone layer or wall builder {stonemason}.
comedian's foil {straight man}.
foreman or temporary boss {straw boss}.
prostitute {streetwalker}.
Christian ascetics {stylite} lived on pillars.
secondary-rank person {subaltern}.
Physicians {surgeon} can be skilled in cutting and sewing tissue.
Suppliers {sutler} can get provisions for regiments.
sailor {swab, sailor}.
Hindu yogi {swami}.
pirate or flamboyant man {swashbuckler}.
chimney sweeper {sweep}.
syndicate member {syndic}.
prostitute {tart, prostitute}.
Dancers {taxi dancer} can receive customers' money to dance with them.
commercial driver {teamster}.
money handler at bank {teller}.
secondary ruler or ruler of one-fourth of nation {tetrarch}.
Anglo-Saxon lords {thane}.
People {theoretician} can study and work on theories.
actor {thespian}.
Disinterested persons {third party} can help two parties transact business.
People {tinker} can curiously modify machinery or objects, or be metal-item repairers.
People {toastmaster} can introduce speakers and propose toasts at meetings.
bullfighter {toreador}.
matador or assistant {torero}.
horserace information giver {tout, person}.
actor in tragedies {tragedian} {tragedienne}.
prostitute {trollop}.
Officials {truant officer} can apprehend students absent from school without permission.
compositor {typesetter}.
compositor {typographer}.
Actors {understudy} can be ready to assume roles in case of incapacity.
People {underwriter} can supply finances for activities or businesses.
high-interest-rate lender {usurer}.
People {valedictorian} can give farewell speeches.
People {valet} can perform personal services.
Sick persons {valetudinarian} can think only about their health.
People {ventriloquist} can speak for a dummy.
animal doctor {veterinarian}.
Anglican clergymen {vicar} can lead parishes.
Rulers can claim to represent God {vicegerent}, or people can be substitutes.
Governors {viceroy} can represent king.
People {vigilante} can hunt suspected criminals without authorization.
winemaker {vintner}.
count's son or younger brother {viscount}.
prime minister {vizier}.
sworn to worship or serve {votary}.
wagon builder {wainwright}.
local politician {ward heeler}.
prison administrator {warden}.
witch {warlock}.
Women {wet nurse} can nurse babies for mothers.
People {wildcatter} can drill for oil on speculation.
assistant to dignitary {yeoman}.
Hindu meditation practitioner {yogi}.
no restraint {abandon, noun}.
washing {ablution}.
denial to oneself {abnegation}.
180-degree turn {about face}.
abstaining {abstention}.
abstaining {abstinence}.
acceding {accession}.
praise {accolade}.
animosity {acrimony}.
perceptiveness {acuity, perceptiveness}.
insightfulness {acumen}.
entry {admittance}.
adoration {adulation}.
sponsorship {aegis}.
unnatural behavior designed to draw attention {affectation}.
attraction {affinity, attraction}.
inspiration {afflatus}.
insult {affront}.
good feeling after action {afterglow}.
additional name {agnomen}.
goal {aim}.
speed {alacrity}.
attractiveness {allure}.
argument {altercation}.
brotherly love {amity}.
behavior without rules {anarchy}.
spirit {anima}.
critical commentary {animadversion}.
antagonism {animosity}.
indifference {antipathy}.
poise {aplomb}.
disapproval {approbation}.
passion {ardor}.
artificial behavior {artifice}.
bad temper {asperity}.
assuming something {assumption}.
very bad action {atrocity}.
boldness {audacity}.
quality {aura, quality}.
spending sparingly {austerity}.
greed {avarice}.
eagerness {avidity}.
work that is not one's job {avocation}.
lowest college degree {baccalaureate}.
initially performing difficult task {baptism of fire}.
competition among major rivals {battle royal}.
posture {bearing, body}.
crazy behavior {bedlam}.
freedom {blank check}.
layoff {bloodletting}.
favor {boon}.
pretended courage {bravado}.
excellent {bravura}.
taking disagreement to fighting stage {brinkmanship}.
irritant {bugbear}.
vacation having or viewing activities similar to one's job {busman's holiday}.
frank expression {candor}.
change of mind {caprice}.
one of the seven deadly sins {cardinal sin}.
one of the seven important virtues {cardinal virtue}.
job type {career}.
posture {carriage}.
embarrassment {chagrin}.
ability to inspire devotion from others {charisma}.
boldness {cheek}.
trickery {chicanery}.
heraldic shield {coat of arms}.
dependence {coattail}.
inner state {cockles of the heart}.
ostracism {cold shoulder}.
nervous reaction to fear or pain {cold sweat}.
deserved punishment {comeuppance}.
compliance {complaisance}.
acting as accomplice {complicity}.
remorse {compunction}.
pride {conceit, pride}.
lust {concupiscence}.
agreement among group members {consensus}.
custom {consuetude}.
flirting {coquetry}.
crowning {coronation}.
face {countenance, face}.
increasing belief {credence}.
certificate from authority authorizing work type {credential}.
readily believing {credulity}.
pretended crying {crocodile tears}.
gathering people to achieve cause {crusade}.
desire {cupidity}.
bending knees to bow {curtsy}.
control {custody, control}.
expressionless {dead pan}.
setting course without using instruments {dead reckoning}.
one of the seven deadly sins {deadly sin}.
immoral behavior {debauchery}.
weakness {debility}.
good behavior {decorum, good behavior}.
deferring {deference}.
diplomatic tactic {demarche}.
attitude toward others {demeanor}.
mark against {demerit}.
death {demise}.
attitude toward others {deportment}.
immorality {depravity}.
destroying {depredation}.
disuse {desuetude}.
plan {device}.
delaying {dilatation}.
quandary {dilemma, quandary}.
following rules {discipline, rule following}.
disharmony {discord}.
dishevelment {dishabille}.
temperament {disposition, temperament}.
immoral behavior {dissolution, immorality}.
excellence {distinction, person}.
time-passer {diversion}.
foretelling {divination}.
highest academic degree {doctorate}.
liking home life {domesticity}.
rule {dominion}.
senility {dotage}.
cross-dressing {drag, cross-dressing}.
practice {dry run}.
resentment {dudgeon}.
deception {duplicity}.
coercion {duress}.
hearing distance {earshot}.
learning {edification}.
likeness {effigy}.
insolence {effrontery}.
energy {elbow grease}.
expressing affection {endearment}.
animosity {enmity}.
urgent request {entreaty}.
calm {equanimity}.
belching {eructation}.
knowledge {erudition}.
adventuring {escapade}.
expressing idea {espousal}.
moral principle {ethic}.
great happiness {euphoria}.
evoking feelings {evocation}.
trip {excursion}.
loathing or protesting {execration}.
mass leaving {exodus}.
something expected {expectation, prediction}.
deed {exploit}.
sending person out of country or location {expulsion}.
erasing {expunction}.
skill {facility}.
ability {faculty}.
surname {family name}.
Actions can try to ascertain people's ideas {feeler}.
feminine characteristics {femininity}.
loyalty {fidelity}.
imagined object or idea {figment}.
attempting to elicit useful information {fishing expedition}.
whipping {flagellation}.
showing off patriotism {flag-waving}.
minor personal weakness {foible}.
raid or attempt {foray}.
planning {forethought}.
weakness {frailty}.
sexual promiscuity {free love}.
fun behavior {frivolity}.
depression {funk}.
uproar {furor}.
taking small loss to make larger gain {gambit}.
gaining advantage by deception {gamesmanship}.
ancestor list {genealogy}.
civilized behavior and politeness {gentility}.
flowing movements {grace}.
facial expression during disgust or pain {grimace}.
skillful deception {guile}.
appearance {guise}.
clothing {habiliment}.
moral and civilized behavior {highroad}.
knowledge of results {hindsight}.
dramatic behavior {histrionics}.
public respect {homage}.
Astrology methods {horoscope} can try to predict future events.
humbleness {humility}.
doing the opposite of what one proclaims {hypocrisy}.
eccentricity {idiosyncrasy}.
dishonor {ignominy}.
type {ilk}.
difficult situation or misunderstanding {imbroglio}.
situation with no way out {impasse}.
obstruction {impediment}.
idea that is hard to understand {imponderable}.
infliction {imposition}.
weakness {inanition}.
silly remark {inanity}.
movement into {incursion}.
no purpose {indirection}.
shame {infamy}.
sin {iniquity}.
hint {inkling}.
heresy investigation {inquisition}.
calm {insouciance}.
acting against one's leadership {insubordination}.
mind {intellect}.
anger {ire}.
ignoring real situation {ivory tower}.
great joy {jubilation}.
praise {kudos}.
running away {lam}.
laziness {languor}.
torpor {lassitude}.
freedom {latitude, freedom}.
rewards for action {laurels}.
high sexual activity {lechery}.
indifference-caused slowness {lethargy}.
humor {levity}.
link between people {liaison, link}.
generosity {liberality}.
ancestor succession {lineage}.
facial feature {lineament}.
saying one believes but not really {lip service}.
disagreement {loggerheads}.
plot {machination}.
generosity {magnanimity}.
name before marriage {maiden name}.
authorization {mandate}.
behavior peculiar to person {mannerism, behavior}.
bow {manumission}.
good action {masterstroke}.
mother's name {matronymic}.
feelings of power {megalomania}.
untruthfulness {mendacity}.
failing to realize {miasma}.
countenance {mien}.
humor {mirth}.
name {moniker}.
obsession {monomania}.
boredom {monotony}.
blackness as culture {negritude}.
dishonorable fame {notoriety}.
obedience {obeisance}.
journey {odyssey}.
ordaining {ordination}.
showing off {ostentation}.
gloom {pall}.
paleness {pallor}.
spasm {paroxysm}.
predilection {penchant}.
doubt {peradventure}.
treachery {perfidy}.
objectivity {perspective}.
reverential behavior {piety}.
irritation {pique}.
situation in which one can perform one's intentions {plain sailing}.
praise {plaudit}.
difficult situation {plight}.
strategy {ploy}.
bearing {poise, bearing}.
disposition {predilection}.
right {prerogative}.
feeling that something will happen {presentiment}.
deceptive action {pretense}.
lacking food, water, and/or shelter {privation}.
integrity {probity}.
tendency {proclivity}.
profound thinking {profundity}.
disposition {propensity}.
proper behavior {propriety}.
protesting {protestation}.
power {puissance}.
beauty {pulchritude}.
observing formalities {punctilio}.
sight {purview}.
death {quietus}.
animosity {rancor}.
harmony with another {rapport}.
ecstasy {rapture}.
reasoning {ratiocination}.
recognition {recognizance}.
alternative {recourse}.
moral behavior {rectitude}.
civilized behavior {refinement}.
behavior pattern {regimen}.
remembering {remembrance}.
renouncing {renunciation}.
reaction to punish {reprisal, punish}.
repelling {repulsion}.
restraint {reserve, not acting out}.
determination {resolve, determination}.
disgust with turning away {revulsion}.
trick {ruse}.
abusing the sacred {sacrilege}.
short quick action or sentence {sally}.
moral objection to behavior {scruple}.
perception {sensibility}.
emotionality {sentimentality}.
loving look {sheep's eye}.
laziness {sloth, laziness}.
not drunken behavior {sobriety}.
comfort {solace}.
supporting group goals {solidarity}.
feeling that unattained goal was really not worth reaching anyway {sour grapes}.
acting without planning {spontaneity, impulse}.
person's best skill {strong suit}.
submitting {submission}.
help {succor}.
family name {surname}.
boredom {tedium}.
rashness {temerity}.
not drinking alcohol {temperance}.
histrionics {theatrics}.
servitude {thrall} {thralldom}.
struggle {throes}.
lethargy {torpor}.
toil {travail}.
fear {trepidation}.
distress {tribulation}.
fidelity {troth}.
lovers' meeting {tryst}.
crowd and noises {tumult}.
depravity {turpitude}.
tutoring {tutelage}.
offense {umbrage}.
whim {vagary}.
pride {vanity, pride}.
feud {vendetta}.
truthfulness {veracity}.
staying watchful all night {vigil}.
high skill {virtuosity}.
countenance {visage}.
body-health measurements {vital statistics}.
will {volition}.
death watch {wake}.
feeling that one needs to travel {wanderlust}.
defeat {waterloo}.
marriage {wedlock}.
trick {wile}.
habit {wont}.
good work {yeoman's service}.
vulnerable point {Achilles' heel}.
disaster {act of God}.
England {Albion}.
veterans' group {American Legion}.
room with full breakfast {American Plan}.
England {Anglia}.
rural paradise {Arcadia, paradise}.
world's end {Armageddon}.
lost continent {Atlantis}.
classic period {Augustan Age}.
western island paradise {Avalon}.
bourgeois {Babbitt}.
sinful place {Babylon, sinful}.
guidebook {Baedeker}.
dandy {Beau Brummel}.
boo or raspberry {Bronx cheer}.
paper lamp {Chinese lantern, lamp}.
states whose main religion is Christianity {Christendom}.
first name {Christian name}.
rags to riches person {Cinderella}.
goddess of wisdom and skill {Columbia, goddess}.
British royal court {Court of St. James}.
take decisive step {cross the Rubicon}.
sea bottom {Davy Jones's locker}.
day action starts {D-day}.
library classification system {Dewey decimal system}.
United States honor {Distinguished Service Medal}.
lothario {Don Juan}.
doubter {doubting Thomas}.
female pays {Dutch}.
generous uncle {Dutch uncle}.
paradise {Eden, paradise}.
rich paradise {El Dorado}.
USA television award {Emmy}.
room with no breakfast {European plan}.
carouser {Falstaff}.
person controlled by the devil {Faust}.
vertical wheel ride at fair {Ferris wheel}.
ghost sailing ship {Flying Dutchman}.
riders at the Apocalypse including conquest on white horse, war on red horse, famine on black horse, and plague on gray horse {Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse}.
high society {Four Hundred}.
mixed-origin monster {Frankenstein}.
secret-cult member {Freemason}.
giant {Gargantua}.
fast and successful conclusion {Garrison finish}.
last land {Gibraltar, end}.
female assistant {girl Friday}.
FBI agent {G-man}.
farewell {Godspeed}.
giant {Goliath}.
time standard {Greenwich time}.
string panty {G-string}.
cigar {Havana, cigar}.
choosing between small thing and nothing {Hobson's choice} {Hobson choice}.
evangelist {Holy Joe}.
strong defender {Horatius at the bridge}.
slim bowling-pin-shaped club {Indian club}.
two fingers in V shown behind head {Indian sign}.
elite {Ivy League}.
biting cold {Jack Frost}.
Junior Chamber of Commerce member {Jaycee}.
alternating personalities {Jekyll and Hyde}.
drunkard {John Barleycorn}.
signature {John Hancock}.
signature {John Henry}.
female lover {Juliet}.
small celluloid doll {Kewpie doll}.
service club {Kiwanis}.
Catholic service club {Knights of Columbus}.
Santa Claus {Kris Kringle}.
southern night riders {Ku Klux Klan}.
city area where many people are from countries that use Romance languages {Latin Quarter}.
artistic area {Left Bank}.
French honorary society {Legion of Honor}.
USA military honor {Legion of Merit}.
easy life {life of Riley}.
seductive female demon {Lilith}.
small {Lilliputian}.
insurance company {Lloyd's of London}.
devil {Lucifer}.
military rifle {M-1 rifle}.
lifejacket {Mae West}.
criminal organization {Mafia}.
small town {Main Street}.
male assistant {man Friday}.
Fat Tuesday before Ash Wednesday {Mardi Gras}.
teacher {Mark Hopkins}.
border between Maryland and Pennsylvania {Mason-Dixon line}.
first day in May {May Day}.
danger call {Mayday}.
Pilgrim ship {Mayflower}.
unfairly hunting out communists and sympathizers {McCarthyism}.
genuine article {McCoy}.
Legion of Merit medal {Medal for Merit}.
highest USA military honor {Medal of Honor}.
poison drink {Mickey Finn}.
king requiring sacrifice {Moloch}.
bottle filled with flammable liquid {Molotov cocktail}.
telegraph code {Morse code}.
nursery rhymes {Mother Goose}.
loose dress {Mother Hubbard}.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police person {Mountie}.
propriety enforcer {Mrs. Grundy}.
USA reserve military force {National Guard}.
anxious person {nervous Nellie}.
economic reforms enacted during Great Depression {New Deal}.
overwhelming flow {Niagra}.
king of the fairies {Oberon}.
western world {Occident}.
service club {Odd Fellow}.
USA flag {Old Glory}.
devil {Old Nick}.
eastern world {Orient}.
USA movie award {Oscar}.
public address system {PA system}.
huge lumberjack {Paul Bunyan}.
voyeur {Peeping Tom}.
top-quality lawyer {Philadelphia lawyer}.
People {Pollyanna} can be always sunny.
man in line for British throne {Prince of Wales}.
train sleeping car {Pullman car}.
marionette or puppet show {Punch-and-Judy show}. Punch is fat and short buffoon, and Judy is harassing woman.
Punch or buffoon {Punchinello}.
USA medal for injury in battle {Purple Heart}.
success but with high cost {Pyrrhic victory}.
French diplomatic corps {Quai d'Orsay}.
service organization for help in disasters {Red Cross}.
USA college student selected to study at Oxford University {Rhodes scholar}.
person unaware of recent happenings {Rip Van Winkle}.
People {Robin Hood} can take from rich and give to poor.
Isolated people {Robinson Crusoe} cannot come home.
male lover {Romeo}.
key to understanding {Rosetta stone}.
service club {Rotarian}.
Soldiers {Roughrider} can have fought in Spanish-American War.
Religious service organizations {Salvation Army} can help needy.
People {Samaritan} can stop to help unfortunate persons.
strong man {Samson}.
loyal servant or companion {Sancho Panza}.
storyteller {Scheherazade}.
British detective police {Scotland Yard}.
USA-president protectors {Secret Service}.
housing voucher {Section Eight}.
moral discourse {Sermon on the Mount}.
paradise {Shangri-la}.
greedy merchant {Shylock}.
slavedriver {Simon Legree}.
Confederate flag {Stars and Bars}.
USA flag {Stars and Stripes}.
USA flag {Star-Spangled Banner}.
Statue of Columbia {Liberty Lighting the World} stands in New York City harbor {Statue of Liberty}.
magician or escape artist {Svengali}.
joint movements and long strokes {Swedish massage} {Swedish movements}.
Scottish wool bonnet for men with pompom {Tam O'Shanter}.
corrupt political organization {Tammany}.
natural man {Tarzan}.
jazz {Tin Pan Alley}.
queen of the fairies {Titania}.
small person {Tom Thumb}.
USA drama award {Tony}.
Gift can gain advantage {Trojan horse}.
no difference {Tweedledum and Tweedledee}.
honored unidentified soldier {Unknown Soldier}.
rocket {V-1}.
victory day {V-day}.
British military honor {Victoria Cross}.
stock exchange and business center {Wall Street}.
Mocker {Wandering Jew} of Jesus at his crucifixion must roam forever.
USA-president residence {White House}.
British government district {Whitehall}.
accurate and daring marksman {William Tell}.
paradise {Xanadu}.
Socrates' harassing wife {Xanthippe}.
young unconventional artist or aggressive and ambitious person {Young Turk}.
land {acreage}.
air above country {airspace}.
church geographic division {archdiocese}.
autocracy {autarchy}.
stagnated area {backwater} {back water}.
bailiff's district {bailiwick}.
city area mainly occupied by Latin Americans {barrio}.
controlled outpost {beachhead}.
urban district {borough}.
city area where derelicts live {bowery}.
not main road {byway}.
district in Switzerland {canton}.
farm for commune {collective farm}.
public land in town {common}.
prison for political prisoners {concentration camp}.
federation {confederacy}.
church district around several churches under bishop {diocese}.
area controlled by formal director {directorate}.
region including several states ruled by emperor {empire}.
country inside another country {enclave}.
surroundings {environs}.
wide level land {expanse}.
lewd show {fleshpot}.
port open to ships from all countries {free port}.
land facing water, buildings, or street {frontage}.
grassy area {greensward}.
town {hamlet}.
safe place {haven}.
central or main area {heartland}.
outlying areas {hinterland}.
location from which many people have traveled to another place {jumping-off place}.
farm commune in Israel {kibbutz}.
animal den or cave {lair}.
area where dirt has been dumped to raise it {landfall}.
place in which one waits indefinitely with unresolved status {limbo}.
place {locale}.
borderline between two regions {march}.
building that receives communications {nerve center}.
church diocese or county in Louisiana {parish}.
pasture {pasturage}.
edge {periphery}.
open area in town {plaza}.
district for police or elections {precinct}.
area controlled by prefect or high official {prefecture}.
area controlled by prince {principality}.
outlying or neighboring area {purlieu}.
land area that supplies rock {quarry, rock}.
kingdom {realm}.
area frequented by prostitutes {red-light district}.
fort {redoubt}.
state governed by elected officials {republic}.
land used by road, railroad, or utility {right-of-way}.
politically corrupt urban district {rotten borough}.
land or other region {sector, land}.
area under bishop {see, bishopric}.
all oceans {seven seas}.
English region {shire}.
city area with derelicts {skid row}.
person's home area {stamping ground}.
location from which many people have traveled to another place {stepping-off place}.
country governed by engineering bureaucrats {technocracy}.
end {terminus}.
area near shore controlled by nation {three-mile limit}.
state requiring land ownership for citizenship {timocracy}.
beautiful area for viewing {vista}.
city street with nightclubs or theaters {white way}.
City area {zone, city} can be designated for a purpose, such as light industry or housing {zoning}.
highest position {acme}.
adjoining addition {adjunct}.
atmosphere {ambiance}.
opposite location on globe {antipodes, opposites}.
highest position {apex, highest}.
foundation {bedrock}.
marker {benchmark, marker}.
Weights {bookend} can prevent books from falling over on shelves.
Processes have steps {bottleneck, flow} where flow slows and inventory builds.
hiding or storage place {cache, hidden}.
junction {conjuncture}.
horn-shaped object {cornet, horn}.
two bones in X-shape {crossbones}.
cross {crux}.
no junction, disjoint {disjunction, disjoint}.
unbalanced ratio {disproportion}.
expansion {distention}.
path with angle {dogleg}.
surface point above sphere inner point {epicenter}.
face {facet}.
distance between water and boat or dock surface {freeboard}.
encroachment {inroad}.
Two surfaces can share a surface {interface}.
path traveled {itinerary}.
junction {juncture}.
two objects side-by-side {juxtaposition}.
Two sets of parallel lines can overlap perpendicularly {lattice, structure}.
lowest position {nadir}.
sphere {orb, sphere}.
nearness {propinquity}.
scene {scenario}.
area cut by scythe {swath}.
region elevations {topography}.
same form {uniformity}.
abnormality {aberration}.
ending situation {abolition}.
something acquired {acquisition, acquired}.
measure {admeasure}.
mixture {admixture}.
yes {affirmative}.
meeting schedule {agenda}.
mixed collection {agglomerate}.
convenience {amenity}.
connection between two objects {anastamosis}.
something shunned {anathema}.
soothing agent {anodyne}.
deviation from normal {anomaly}.
metal used in alloys {antinomy}.
revelation or world end {apocalypse}.
high ideal {apotheosis}.
structure that has function {apparatus}.
name {appellation, name}.
accessory {appurtenance}.
a type's original {archetype, original}.
manmade object {artifact}.
appointment for lovers to meet {assignation}.
safe haven {asylum}.
patronage {auspice}.
cacophony {babel}.
drunken party {bacchanal}.
drunken festival {bacchanalia}.
previous edition {back number}.
reaction {backlash}.
trifle {bagatelle}.
soothing agent {balm}.
forked flag {banderole}.
trouble cause {bane}.
diagonal from lower left to upper right {bar sinister}.
insult {barb, insult}.
enormous something {behemoth}.
request {behest}.
indicator {bellwether}.
worthless stuff {bill of goods}.
good report {bill of health}.
magic {black art}.
stone that makes one become smooth talker {blarney stone}.
fast moving manner {blue streak}.
automatic advancement to next round {bye}.
specialness {cachet}.
loud noise {cacophony}.
per capita tax {capitation}.
slaughter {carnage}.
disaster {cataclysm}.
ceding {cession}.
belt around something {cincture}.
party {clambake}.
loud protest from many people at once {clamor}.
clanging {clangor}.
clearness {clarity, clearness}.
compression {compaction}.
harmony {concert}.
harmony {concord}.
fire {conflagration}.
assignment {consignment}.
component, such as person in voting district {constituent}.
coffee, tea, juice, and pastry {continental breakfast}.
contrast {contradistinction}.
payment record {counterfoil}.
standard {criterion}.
representative sample {cross section}.
English colony {crown colony}.
object of interest {cynosure}.
letter with unreadable or non-existent address {dead letter}.
burden {deadweight}.
quick defeat {debacle}.
room decorations {decor}.
uninhabited and forbidding land {desolation}.
decider {determinant, decider}.
object that deters {deterrent}.
cause {dint}.
difference {disparity, difference}.
exemption {dispensation}.
difference {distinction, difference}.
trick {dodge}.
brawl {donnybrook}.
object of interest {drawing card}.
waste {dross}.
ticket {ducat}.
easy task {duck soup}.
level {echelon}.
flow {efflux}.
drink with good effects {elixir}.
something added {embellishment, addition}.
burden {encumbrance}.
goal {end, goal}.
puzzle {enigma}.
thing {entity}.
best example {epitome}.
shield with coat of arms {escutcheon}.
and {etcetera}.
contact with {exposure, contact}.
spectacle {extravaganza}.
copy {facsimile}.
solid piece used to smooth fluid flow {fairing}.
preliminary promotion {fanfare}.
appropriateness and high quality {felicity}.
failure {fiasco}.
day of fun {field day}.
covering for private matter {fig leaf}.
incentive {fillip}.
initial rewards {first fruits}.
highest quality {first water}.
floating lost goods {flotsam}.
spring or source {fountainhead}.
cable car {funicular railway}.
statement about non-specific things {generality}.
mark indicating value {hallmark}.
chance event {happenstance}.
sign of things to come {harbinger}.
study of ancestry and coats of arms {heraldry}.
statement contradicting orthodoxy {heresy}.
great destruction {holocaust}.
most sacred thing {holy of holies}.
political campaign {hustings}.
putting underwater {immersion}.
stimulus {impetus}.
authorization {imprimatur}.
inconsistent {incongruity}.
no effect {inefficacy}.
roads and utilities {infrastructure}.
jettisoned or discarded goods {jetsam}.
large mass advancing {juggernaut, unstoppable}.
stop {kibosh}.
bell toll {knell}.
hand tricks {legerdemain}.
drink {libation}.
objects from one's past {memorabilia}.
wrong name {misnomer}.
story of group {mythos}.
rival {nemesis}.
feature {nicety}.
present time {nonce}.
small flower bunch {posy} {nosegay}.
useless drug {nostrum}.
small difference {nuance}.
essence {nub}.
near future {offing}.
magic words {open sesame}.
excrement {ordure}.
embellishment {ornamentation}.
show {pageantry}.
cover {panoply}.
wide view {panorama}.
equality {parity, equality}.
hell {perdition}.
phantom {phantasm, phantom}.
language mixture {pidgin}.
just rewards {poetic justice}.
splendor {pomp}.
drink {potation}.
something coming before {precursor, before}.
requirement {prerequisite}.
first example {prototype, first example}.
source {provenance}.
God can intervene to provide good luck {providence}.
Wood arrangements {pyre} can burn corpses at funerals.
fireworks {pyrotechnics}.
situation in which it is difficult to decide {quandary}.
pursued object {quarry, pursued}.
essence {quintessence, essence}.
former {quondam}.
shed with cylindrical tin roof {quonset hut}.
plunder {rapine}.
party after wedding {reception}.
reclaiming {reclamation}.
removing private or secret information from public document {redaction}.
backward flow {reflux}.
safe haven {refuge}.
meal {repast}.
storage place {repository}.
rescinding contract {rescission}.
equal-value restoration {restitution}.
strictness {rigor}.
ceremony {rite}.
fireworks type {roman candle}.
problem, catch {rub, problem}.
irritating skin agent for pain relief {rubefacient}.
directions {rubric}.
rule {rudiment}.
idea that no one can question {sacred cow}.
holiness {sanctity}.
withdrawing {secession}.
dog that assists blind people {seeing-eye dog}.
chance {serendipity}.
happiness {seventh heaven}.
seal {signet}.
easy salaried job {sinecure}.
investigating {spadework}.
coin {specie}.
place from which to dive into subject {springboard}.
dirty place {squalor}.
First bid {stalking-horse} only tests the market and does not expect to win.
place {stead}.
drinking cup with two handles {stirrup cup}.
regular business stock {stock-in-trade}.
trick {subterfuge}.
assumption {supposition}.
sustaining substance {sustenance}.
whispering sounds {susurrus}.
two things can work together to perform function {synergism}.
combination {synthesis, combination}.
object conferring protection through magic {talisman}.
principle {tenet}.
reading, writing, and arithmetic {three R's}.
criterion {touchstone}.
curved lines {tracery}.
poor imitation {travesty, imitation}.
sample used to test people's reactions {trial balloon}.
nonsense {trumpery}.
Dark Ages rounded-letter alphabet {uncial}.
foundation {underpinning}.
sudden change {vicissitude}.
something no longer wanted {white elephant}.
impossible goal {will-o'-the-wisp}.
faint or thin thing {wisp}.
finding people with unorthodox beliefs {witch-hunt}.
wrath {wroth}.
threat to native people from increased Asian immigration {yellow peril}.
something suspended temporarily {abeyance}.
coming {advent}.
result {aftermath}.
something that preceded something else {antecedent, time}.
times before Middle Ages {antiquity}.
quickness {celerity}.
ceasing {cessation}.
event sequence {chronology}.
regularity {clockwork}.
beginning {commencement}.
requirement that people stay home after a time {curfew}.
day and time {dateline}.
quickness {dispatch, done quickly}.
time when nothing exciting is happening {dog days}.
later twilight after sunset {dusk}.
short era {epoch}.
long period {era}.
evening or day before {eve}.
end {finality}.
preliminary feeling of danger or bad luck {foreboding}.
precursor {forerunner}.
preliminary sampling {foretaste}.
preliminary sign {foretoken}.
completion {fruition}.
impasse {hiatus, impasse}.
beginning {inception}.
period between two similar periods {intercession}.
period between rulers {interregnum}.
joyful season or anniversary {jubilee}.
devotional period of nine days {novena}.
forever {perpetuity}.
preliminary information {portent}.
postponement or short rest {respite}.
period of success {salad days}.
period of clowning {silly season}.
after midnight to dawn {small hours}.
ceasing {surcease}.
farewell performance {swan song}.
forever {time immemorial}.
one-third year {trimester}.
time for starting action {zero hour}.
Adverbs are o {word length 1}. Articles are a. Nouns are i.
Adjectives and articles are an, my {word length 2 adjective}.
Adverbs are ah, aw, eh, er, ha, hi, ho, la, lo, no, oh, ow, uh, um {word length 2 adverb}.
Common nouns are ad, ax, el, ex, id, os, ox {word length 2 common noun}.
Conjunctions are or {word length 2 conjunction}.
Prepositions are as, at, by, if, in, of, on, re, so, to, up {word length 2 preposition}.
Proper nouns are al, bo, ed, em, ev, hy, jo, ma, mo, pa, vi {word length 2 proper noun}.
Verbs are am, be, do, go, is {word length 2 verb}.
Adjectives are any, bad, big, dry, far, fat, few, his, hot, low, mad, new, old, one, our, out, red, sad, ten, the, two, wet, apt, coy, dim, due, fey, gay, hep, hip, icy, lax, mum {word length 3 adjective}.
Adverbs are baa, bye, eek, hey, not, now, oop, poo, too, ugh, wow, yes, ago, aha, aye, bah, ere, fro, gad, gee, heh, hey, huh, nay, sic {word length 3 adverb}.
Common nouns are age, air, all, ant, ape, arm, art, bag, bat, bed, box, boy, bug, bus, can, car, cat, cow, cup, day, dog, dot, ear, egg, elf, end, eye, fan, fly, fox, fun, fur, gas, god, goo, gum, gun, ham, hat, her, him, hit, ice, ink, jam, jar, jet, job, key, law, leg, lid, lip, log, lot, man, map, men, mud, nap, net, nut, oil, owl, pan, pat, paw, pea, pen, pet, pig, pin, pot, rag, rat, row, rug, saw, sea, sun, tan, tie, toe, top, toy, war, way, you, zoo, ace, ads, ado, aft, ahs, aid, aim, ale, alm, alp, amp, arc, ark, ash, asp, ass, awe, awl, axe, ban, bar, bay, bet, bib, bid, bin, bit, boa, bog, bow, bra, bub, bud, bum, bun, cab, cad, cam, cap, cay, cob, cod, cog, cop, cot, cox, cub, cur, dab, dam, den, dew, die, din, doe, don, dud, dup, dye, ebb, eel, ego, elk, ell, elm, emu, eon, era, erg, eve, ewe, fad, fag, fee, fen, fez, fib, fig, fin, fir, fix, fob, foe, fog, fop, gag, gal, gap, gay, gel, gem, gig, gin, gob, goy, gut, hag, haw, hay, hem, hen, hex, hip, hod, hoe, hog, hub, hue, hum, hun, hut, ilk, imp, inn, ism, ire, jag, jaw, jay, jew, jib, jif, jig, jog, jot, joy, jug, lab, lad, lag, lam, lap, lee, lob, lox, lug, lye, mat, maw, mew, mil, mit, mix, mob, mod, mop, mug, mum, nag, net, nib, nip, nit, nob, nod, nub, nun, oaf, oak, oar, ode, orb, ore, pad, pal, pap, par, paw, pat, pay, pea, peg, pep, pew, pip, pit, pod, pot, pox, pro, pub, pug, pun, pup, pus, quo, rag, ram, rap, raw, ray, reb, ref, rep, rib, rig, rim, roc, rod, roe, rub, rum, rut, rye, sap, saw, sax, sex, sib, sip, sod, sot, sow, soy, sum, tab, tad, tag, tar, tat, tee, tic, tin, tip, tit, ton, tot, tow, try, tub, tux, urn, van, vat, vee, vet, vim, vow, vue, wad, wag, wax, web, wig, wit, woe, zed {word length 3 common noun}.
Conjunctions are and, but, how, let {word length 3 conjunction}.
Proper nouns are dad, mom, sis, abe, amy, ava, ben, bob, bud, dan, eli, eva, eve, fay, ian, ida, ike, ira, irv, jan, jay, jeb, jed, jim, joe, jud, kay, lee, lem, len, leo, lon, mae, max, may, meg, mel, nan, ned, pam, pat, peg, ray, rex, ron, roy, roz, sal, sam, sue, ted, tex, tim, tom, val, vic, viv, von {word length 3 proper noun}.
Verbs are act, add, are, ask, ate, beg, bet, bit, boo, buy, can, cry, cut, did, die, dig, dry, dug, eat, fit, fix, fly, fry, get, got, had, has, hid, hit, hop, hug, lay, lie, lit, met, mix, moo, mow, nag, pat, pay, pet, pop, put, ran, rip, rob, row, rub, run, sat, saw, say, see, set, sew, sit, tap, tie, tip, try, use, wag, was, win, zip, aid, ail, aim, bob, bop, bow, box, bud, bug, cap, caw, con, cup, dab, dam, dim, dip, don, dot, dub, dun, dye, ebb, eke, err, fan, fie, gab, gag, ham, hem, hew, hex, hie, hum, irk, jam, jar, jot, lag, led, lob, lop, lug, mar, mat, mob, mop, mow, mug, nab, nag, nap, net, nip, nix, nod, pad, pal, pan, par, pat, paw, peg, pen, pit, pry, pun, ram, rap, rat, rev, rib, rid, rig, rot, rue, sag, sap, sip, sob, sop, sow, sub, sue, sup, tag, tan, tap, tar, tax, tee, tip, top, tow, toy, tug, tut, vex, vie, vow, vue, wad, wax, wed, wet, woo, wow, zap {word length 3 verb}.
debase {abase}.
resign from throne {abdicate}.
kidnap {abduct}.
aid {abet}.
intensely dislike {abhor}.
reject {abjure}.
hate {abominate}.
shorten {abridge}.
reject {abrogate}.
remove sin or duty from {absolve}.
stand next to {abut}.
get used to {acclimate}.
allow or adjust for {accommodate}.
give {accord}.
dress {accouter}.
increase {accrue}.
make happen {actualize}.
set into action {actuate}.
manage {administer}.
take as one's own {adopt}.
decorate {adorn}.
add something different {adulterate}.
cut short {adumbrate}.
add air to {aerate}.
change {affect, verb}.
make go away {alienate}.
reduce {allay}.
lighten {alleviate}.
better {ameliorate}.
make lively {animate}.
make hostile {antagonize}.
precede {antedate}.
doing part of what aggressor wants {appease}.
face {appose}.
like {appreciate}.
understand or take into {apprehend}.
take {appropriate}.
take over {arrogate}.
determine {ascertain}.
prevent from breathing {asphyxiate}.
attack {assail}.
sever from {asseverate}.
fit among {assimilate}.
gain {attain}.
reduce {attenuate}.
dress {attire}.
do by machine {automate}.
use {avail}.
make into smaller incompatible parts {balkanize}.
reduce from higher to lower value {bastardize}.
catch {beard}.
calm {becalm}.
dress or decorate with poor taste {bedizen}.
produce {beget}.
attack {belay}.
engage {betroth}.
make white {bleach}.
prevent ships from entering or leaving {blockade}.
beat with stick {bludgeon}.
edit {blue-pencil}.
make or do something illegally {bootleg}.
not buy {boycott}.
polish {burnish}.
kiss {buss}.
find and speak to {buttonhole}.
borrow {cadge}.
become hard by adding calcium {calcify}.
take parts from item to repair similar item {cannibalize}.
require document or line up fibers {card, verb}.
heat then put in water {case harden}.
fire {cashier}.
remove testicles or remove power {castrate}.
give up something {cede}.
think {cerebrate}.
baptize {christen}.
curdle {clabber}.
thicken {coagulate}.
pamper {coddle}.
force {coerce}.
seize {commandeer}.
carry oneself {comport}.
bring about {conduce}.
take {confiscate}.
make appear {conjure}.
make sacred {consecrate}.
assign {consign}.
be part of {constitute}.
restrict {constrain}.
do not use or do {contraindicate}.
take over {co-opt}.
make have grooves {corrugate}.
block or oppose {counter, verb}.
sign again {countersign}.
burn {cremate}.
scallop {crenate}.
indent {crenellate}.
squeeze {crimp}.
sing {croon}.
mark with parallel perpendicular lines {crosshatch}.
make to take blame {crucify}.
become clear {crystallize}.
beat {cuff}.
thicken {curdle}.
exclude or banish {debar}.
lower {debase}.
behave immorally {debauch}.
weaken {debilitate}.
remove head {decapitate}.
move things away from one place to several spread out places {decentralize}.
make dirty {defile}.
remove air from {deflate}.
have sexual intercourse {deflower}.
remove flowers {defoliate}.
make worse shape {deform}.
limit {delimit}.
mark boundary {delineate}.
mark {demarcate}.
reduce military presence {demilitarize}.
send active soldiers home {demobilize}.
move to lower position {demote}.
change from original organic form {denature}.
remove skin {denude}.
reduce electric charge {depolarize}.
carry oneself {deport}.
remove from service {deprecate}.
prey on {depredate}.
start with something and make something new {derive}.
dry {desiccate}.
ruin {despoil}.
remove king or champion {dethrone}.
make not poisonous {detoxify}.
add prestige to {dignify}.
no longer believe {disabuse}.
take away lawyer license {disbar}.
perceive {discern}.
be too proud to notice {disdain}.
remove essence {disembody}.
remove intestines {disembowel}.
take away vote {disenfranchise}.
remove from grave {disinter}.
remove arms and/or legs {dismember}.
kill {dispatch, kill}.
play or have fun {disport}.
take away {dispossess}.
no longer associate {dissociate}.
make into essence {distill}.
have more parts {diversify}.
make less wild {domesticate}.
soak {douse}.
reduce in value {downgrade}.
show {dramatize}.
clean using perchloroethylene (perc) or other chemicals {dry clean}.
mark {earmark}.
be humble {eat humble pie}.
replace {eclipse}.
erase {efface}.
cause {effect}.
free {emancipate}.
remove manly qualities from {emasculate}.
soak in fluid {embalm}.
decorate {embellish}.
steal {embezzle}.
is example of {embody}.
make bold {embolden}.
mark {emboss}.
rub with medicine {embrocate}.
sew design on or add nice details {embroider}.
involve {embroil}.
change {emend}.
give power {empower}.
imitate {emulate}.
mix {emulsify}.
include {encompass}.
burden {encumber}.
give {endow}.
make weak {enervate}.
give vote to {enfranchise}.
produce {engender}.
carve lines into {engrave}.
make lively {enliven}.
trap {enmesh}.
make noble {ennoble}.
put into {enshrine}.
cause {entail}.
fascinate {enthrall}.
put on throne {enthrone}.
make interested {entice}.
put in tomb {entomb}.
bring along with {entrain}.
stay even more solidly in one's position {entrench}.
trust {entrust}.
bind {entwine}.
poison {envenom}.
see {envisage}.
see {envision}.
show essence {epitomize}.
erase {eradicate}.
wear {erode}.
make more {escalate}.
see {espy}.
try {essay, verb}.
become as strangers {estrange}.
cut grooves in {etch}.
make weak {etiolate}.
throw out {evict}.
evoke {evince}.
remove essence {eviscerate}.
cause {evoke}.
make worse {exacerbate}.
dig {excavate}.
pass out waste {excrete}.
take out of grave {exhume}.
assist {expedite}.
spend {expend}.
atone {expiate}.
take {expropriate}.
remove from {expunge}.
remove from {expurgate}.
remove blood from {exsanguinate}.
lessen {extenuate}.
express {externalize}.
destroy {extirpate}.
give off {exude}.
aid {facilitate}.
disposed to or prepared to {fain}.
make easy {featherbed}.
unite {federate}.
make easy {felicitate}.
brew {ferment}.
prepare to grow {fertilize}.
decorate {festoon}.
show off {flaunt}.
whip {flay}.
predetermine {foreordain}.
shorten {foreshorten}.
give up {forgo} {forego}.
make formal {formalize}.
support {foster}.
freeze in alcohol and dry ice then dry {freeze-dry}.
cheat {fudge, verb}.
furnish {furbish}.
energize {galvanize}.
decorate {garnish, verb}.
occupy place {garrison, verb}.
castrate {geld}.
pair or double {geminate}.
create {generate, create}.
make into regions with no natural boundaries {gerrymander}.
develop {gestate}.
write for someone else {ghostwrite}.
immobilize {gig frog}.
decorate {gild}.
make into grains {granulate}.
make do silly things {haze}.
stay close or cut {hew}.
mix different things into one thing {homogenize}.
sharpen {hone}.
make have holes {honeycomb}.
make air wet {humidify}.
saturate {imbrue}.
saturate {imbue}.
burn {immolate}.
put in prison or tomb {immure}.
make group {impanel}.
remove from office {impeach}.
force {impel}.
endanger {imperil}.
do {implement}.
take custody of {impound}.
make pregnant {impregnate}.
begin {inaugurate}.
make incapable of doing {incapacitate}.
put in prison {incarcerate}.
cut into {incise}.
include {incorporate}.
enslave {indenture}.
make to happen {induce}.
put into groove in surface {inlay}.
make weak {innervate}.
protect against {inoculate}.
make pregnant {inseminate}.
mix in {interlard}.
think about {internalize}.
locate between {interpolate}.
expose to radiation {irradiate}.
leave lover {jilt}.
recognize {ken}.
make knobby {knurl}.
cut {lacerate}.
layer {laminate}.
wash {lave}.
suck {leach}.
reduce to zero {liquidate}.
freeze-dry {lyophilize}.
decompose {lyse}.
chew {macerate}.
cut and groove metal {machine, verb}.
chew {masticate}.
give {mete}.
grind {mill, grind}.
moderate words {mince, verb}.
make original {mint, verb}.
make ready for action {mobilize}.
control {modulate}.
store or take out of action {mothball}.
spot or dapple {mottle}.
cover with organic matter {mulch}.
penalize or swindle {mulct}.
quiet {muzzle, verb}.
become citizen by swearing allegiance {naturalize}.
require {necessitate}.
cancel {negate}.
authenticate with official stamp {notarize}.
help grow {nurture, verb}.
make unnecessary {obviate}.
choose {opt}.
make best {optimize}.
arrange {orchestrate}.
begin {originate}.
surmount {overcome}.
steal {palm, steal}.
get money for object at pawn shop {pawn}.
commit {perpetrate}.
keep alive {perpetuate}.
embody {personify}.
look at {peruse}.
be everywhere in {pervade}.
corrupt {pervert}.
make afraid {petrify}.
stand outside business and protest labor policies {picket, verb}.
plunder {pillage}.
understand {plumb, verb}.
rob {plunder}.
do {ply, verb}.
strike {poleax}.
take pollen to {pollinate} {pollinize}.
beat {pommel, verb}.
think about {ponder}.
give power to {potentiate}.
block {preclude}.
block {preempt}.
make in factory instead of on site {prefabricate}.
think only about one thing {preoccupy}.
predetermine {preordain}.
use water to create suction {prime pump}.
obtain {procure}.
offer {proffer}.
stick out or forward {project}.
transmit or breed {propagate}.
calculated as percentage {prorate}.
be base {prostitute}.
prolong {protract}.
be abundant or germinate {pullulate}.
steal {purloin}.
be everywhere in {purvey}.
multiply {pyramid, verb}.
make four times more {quadruple, verb}.
measure or count {quantify} {quantitate} {quantize}.
confine to region {quarantine}.
section into fourths {quarter}.
make five times more {quintuple}.
pillage or devastate {ravage}.
carry off or rape {ravish}.
demolish {raze}.
make happen {realize}.
get back {recoup}.
make right {rectify}.
try even harder {redouble}.
remedy {redress}.
fix up {refurbish}.
make return to previous state {rehabilitate}.
put back {reinstate}.
feel lively again {rejuvenate}.
assign or send {relegate}.
enjoy {relish, verb}.
send payment {remit}.
pay {remunerate}.
make {render}.
fix up more like new {renovate}.
fix {repair}.
take back {repossess}.
hold down {repress}.
avenge or return {requite}.
decide {resolve, verb}.
bring back {resurrect}.
revive {resuscitate}.
get ready to do something again in new way {retool}.
trump {ruff}.
cashier or destroy {sack, verb}.
soothe {salve}.
make holy {sanctify}.
block {sandbag}.
satisfy {sate} {satiate}.
sell ticket bought to resell {scalp}.
scratch {scarify}.
scratch {score, scratch}.
decide not to do {scotch, verb}.
decide not to do {scuttle}.
guard or tighten {secure}.
make six times more {sextuple}.
hamper or restrict {shackle}.
kidnap {shanghai}.
trim {shave}.
shoe {shod}.
satisfy {slake}.
originate {spawn}.
neuter {spay}.
lead {spearhead}.
rob {spoliate}.
wear {sport, verb}.
escort {squire, verb}.
cut into {stencil}.
dot or speckle {stipple}.
add fuel {stoke}.
make into layers {stratify}.
make simpler {streamline}.
bully {strong-arm}.
subdue {subject, verb}.
subdue {subjugate}.
direct energy into socially acceptable activity {sublimate}.
undermine or corrupt {subvert}.
breastfeed {suckle}.
tolerate or endure {suffer}.
dirty {sully}.
look over {survey}.
stay {tarry}.
lace {tat}.
signal {telegraph}.
moderate {temper}.
measure liquid {titrate}.
allow or endure {tolerate}.
hamper or hinder {trammel}.
rise or be above {transcend}.
exalt {transfigure}.
impale or shock into stillness {transfix}.
put fluid in {transfuse}.
change to different form {transmogrify}.
transform {transmute}.
move from one body to another {transplant}.
transmute {transubstantiate}.
wound {traumatize}.
dig up {unearth}.
make anxious {unnerve}.
force to leave {uproot}.
refurbish {vamp}.
make glassy {vitrify}.
cut into living thing {vivisect}.
use improperly or not well {waste, verb}.
help become mature {wean}.
act spontaneously {wing, verb}.
wreck {wrack}.
cause or inflict {wreak}.
agree {accede}.
emphasize {accentuate}.
cheer {acclaim}.
hail rudely {accost}.
give credit to {accredit}.
note {acknowledge}.
agree {acquiesce}.
confuse {addle}.
ascertain {adduce}.
close until next time {adjourn}.
judge {adjudge}.
decide {adjudicate}.
advise {adjure}.
scold {admonish}.
support {advocate}.
second {affirm}.
bother {afflict}.
glorify {aggrandize}.
claim {allege}.
refer {allude}.
change {amend}.
make void {annul}.
appoint {anoint}.
value {appraise}.
inform {apprise}.
mediate {arbitrate}.
express {articulate, verb}.
attribute {ascribe}.
agree {assent}.
state strongly {assert}.
judge {assess}.
calm {assuage}.
presume {assume}.
affirm truth of {assure}.
listen {audit, verb}.
foretell {augur}.
state that something is true {authenticate}.
give permission {authorize}.
affirm {aver}.
be mean {backbite}.
bother {badger, verb}.
taunt {bait}.
say {bandy}.
talk {banter}.
confuse {becloud}.
bother {bedevil}.
fool {beguile}.
overdo {belabor}.
bother {beleaguer}.
make false {belie}.
mark {bell}.
feel humored {bemuse}.
censure {berate}.
show {bespeak}.
indicate {betoken}.
exclude {blackball}.
banish {blacklist}.
state {blandish}.
speak against god {blaspheme}.
talk loudly {bluster}.
indicate {bode}.
become angry {bridle}.
become angry {bristle, verb}.
allow {brook}.
badger {browbeat}.
say {bruit}.
badger {buffalo, verb}.
persuade {cajole}.
make authoritative {canonize}.
poll {canvass}.
give in {capitulate}.
complain {carp, verb}.
censure {castigate}.
put in groups {categorize}.
howl {caterwaul}.
quibble {cavil}.
criticize {censure}.
scold {chasten}.
scold {chastise}.
scold {chide}.
refer to {cite}.
call or name {clepe} {yclept}.
categorize and write {codify}.
praise {commend}.
try to sell {commercialize}.
sympathize {commiserate}.
reverse direction {commutate}.
pardon {commute}.
fool {con, verb}.
pacify {conciliate}.
agree {concur}.
treat as lower class {condescend}.
comfort {condole}.
talk together {confabulate}.
talk together {confer}.
show as false {confute}.
list verb variations {conjugate, verb}.
mean indirectly {connote}.
understand {construe}.
condemn {contemn}.
agree {contract, verb}.
relate {correlate}.
affirm {corroborate}.
code {couch}.
advise {counsel, verb}.
approve {countenance, verb}.
rescind {countermand}.
deceive {cozen}.
complain {crab, verb}.
indicate {cue, verb}.
gather information from returned person {debrief}.
decode {decipher}.
orate {declaim}.
condemn {decry}.
damage reputation {defame}.
glorify {deify}.
disagree {demur}.
disparage {denigrate}.
count {denominate}.
define {denote}.
objectify {depersonalize}.
reduce in value {depreciate}.
ridicule {deride}.
speak against {descry}.
defile {desecrate}.
choose or point to {designate}.
take away from {detract}.
reduce in value {devalue}.
make distinction {differentiate}.
speak about other than main point {digress}.
no longer stay loyal {disavow}.
no longer claim {disclaim}.
bother {discomfit}.
upset {disconcert}.
put down {disparage}.
talk falsely {dissemble}.
pretend {dissimulate}.
persuade not to do {dissuade}.
reveal {divulge}.
disparage {dress down}.
badger for payment {dun}.
fool {dupe}.
teach {edify}.
correct and improve {edit}.
comment {editorialize}.
deduce {educe}.
gush {effuse}.
praise {elegize}.
draw out {elicit}.
link {elide}.
explain {elucidate}.
teach {enlighten}.
plead {entreat}.
count {enumerate}.
articulate {enunciate}.
make equal {equate}.
balance {equilibrate}.
renounce {eschew}.
advocate {espouse}.
praise {eulogize}.
glorify {exalt}.
exclude from group {excommunicate}.
declare innocent {exculpate}.
damn {execrate}.
encourage {exhort}.
declare innocent {exonerate}.
express in detail {expatiate}.
explain {explicate}.
expound {expostulate}.
speak at length {expound}.
speak spontaneously {extemporize}.
praise {extol}.
try to get money by threatening {extort}.
make up {fabricate}.
pretend {feign}.
incite {foment}.
make {formulate}.
give up {forswear}.
speak volubly {fulminate, verb}.
oppose or declare false {gainsay}.
irritate {gall}.
move from specific to general {generalize}.
scowl {glower}.
bribe {grease the palm}.
bother {harass}.
listen {hark}.
bother {harry}.
market {hawk, verb}.
listen {hearken}.
badger {hector}.
nit pick {henpeck}.
hail {herald}.
sell {hock, verb}.
cheat {hornswoggle}.
tout {hype}.
make into higher sounding word {hyphenate}.
conjecture {hypothesize}.
point to {implicate}.
plead with {implore}.
bother {importune}.
curse {imprecate}.
make admire {impress}.
attack {impugn}.
imply {impute}.
make angry {incense, verb}.
bother {incommode}.
teach {inculcate}.
absolve of responsibility {indemnify}.
charge with crime or bad behavior {indict}.
teach only one theory {indoctrinate}.
accent {inflect}.
try to make favorable impression {ingratiate}.
imply {insinuate}.
start {instigate}.
suggest {intimate}.
say {intone}.
speak against {inveigh}.
cajole {inveigle}.
rebuke {keelhaul}.
comment {kibitz}.
criticize {lambaste}.
mix in {lard, verb}.
praise {laud, verb}.
admire {lionize}.
file lawsuit {litigate}.
advocate {lobby, verb}.
say bad things about {malign}.
try to control others {manipulate}.
fascinate {mesmerize}.
calm {mollify}.
coddle {mollycoddle}.
humiliate {mortify}.
expose corruption {muckrake}.
sound through nose {nasalize}.
cancel {nullify}.
make difficult to understand {obfuscate}.
say {opine, verb}.
speak at length {orate}.
decree {ordain}.
shun {ostracize}.
exaggerate {overstate}.
calm {pacify}.
mitigate or extenuate {palliate}.
criticize {pan, verb}.
repeat {parrot, verb}.
understand {parse}.
condescend {patronize}.
lie under oath {perjure}.
bother or disturb {perturb}.
quibble {pettifog}.
be objective {philosophize}.
express {phrase, verb}.
put into category {pigeonhole}.
make calm {placate}.
bedevil {play hob}.
make people take opposed positions {polarize}.
give opinion {pontificate}.
foretell {portend}.
assume or hypothesize {posit}.
prattle {prate}.
talk randomly {prattle}.
foretell {prefigure}.
foretell {presage}.
suppose {presuppose}.
denigrate sacred {profane}.
state belief {profess}.
predict {prognosticate}.
declare {promulgate}.
edit {proofread}.
appease {propitiate}.
ask for sexual intercourse {proposition, verb}.
expound {propound}.
prohibit {proscribe}.
appears {purport}.
complain about {rail, verb}.
bother {rankle}.
complain {rant}.
approve {ratify}.
give reason {rationalize}.
reject or repel {rebuff}.
criticize {rebuke}.
answer argument {rebut}.
retract {recant}.
summarize {recapitulate}.
tell {recount}.
blame {recriminate}.
redraw district boundaries {redistrict}.
entertain {regale}.
repeat {regurgitate}.
objectify {reify}.
repeat {reiterate}.
reply {rejoin}.
object {remonstrate}.
give up {renounce}.
regret {repine}.
reproach {reprimand}.
criticize {reproach} {reprove}.
reject {repudiate}.
ascribe or suppose {repute}.
repeal {rescind}.
echo {resound}.
answer {respond}.
take back {retract}.
admire {revere}.
hate {revile}.
praise {rhapsodize}.
kid {rib, verb}.
disturb or stir up {roil}.
idealize {romanticize}.
approve the same as previous person {rubber-stamp}.
regret {rue, verb}.
underestimate value {sell short}.
sing to {serenade}.
make into parts in order {serialize}.
extort {shakedown}.
display {showcase}.
hear or receive confession {shrive}.
mean {signify}.
express shyly {simper}.
model {simulate}.
distort {skew}.
whine {snivel}.
flatter {snow, verb}.
slight {snub}.
become serious {sober}.
flatter {soft-soap}.
seek or ask for {solicit}.
reject {spurn}.
specify {stipulate}.
induce to break law {suborn}.
support or verify {substantiate}.
put into more general category {subsume}.
make seem OK {sugarcoat}.
withdraw sullenly {sulk}.
plead {supplicate}.
infer {surmise}.
sigh {suspire}.
end discussion of motion {table, verb}.
annoy {tax, bother}.
bother playfully {tease}.
gain time {temporize}.
drone {thrum}.
stimulate or excite {titillate}.
humiliate {traduce}.
write or record {transcribe}.
change from one language to another or move in straight line {translate}.
change into another alphabet {transliterate}.
tease {twit}.
assign to same role {typecast}.
represent by example {typify}.
lament {ululate}.
confide {unbosom}.
criticize {upbraid}.
take over attention {upstage, verb}.
take over {usurp}.
waver {vacillate}.
verify {validate}.
brag or boast {vaunt}.
revere {venerate}.
express {vent, verb}.
express {verbalize}.
malign {vilify}.
justify or avenge or prove {vindicate}.
corrupt or make ineffective {vitiate}.
berate {vituperate}.
sing {vocalize}.
deign {vouchsafe}.
conceal fault {whitewash}.
deduct or enter as loss {write off}.
stay {abide}.
be in abundance {abound}.
steal {abscond}.
not vote {abstain}.
get used to {acclimatize}.
get used to {accustom}.
stick to {adhere}.
become engaged {affiance}.
closely associate {affiliate}.
attack {aggress}.
worry over {agonize}.
try for advantage {angle, verb}.
make horrified {appall}.
pertain {appertain}.
become tree-like {arborize}.
have goal {aspire}.
do something to make bad action right {atone}.
tune {attune}.
return to former bad habits {backslide}.
trade {barter}.
transfer custody {bind over}.
become pale {blanch, become pale}.
become bright {blazon}.
show servility {bootlick}.
party wildly {carouse}.
serve {cater}.
play {cavort}.
have difficulty waiting {chafe}.
think {cogitate}.
live with {cohabit}.
have or be {comprise}.
think of {conceive}.
scheme with others {connive}.
adapt {cope}.
cringe {cower}.
end {culminate}.
play {dally}.
excrete feces {defecate}.
postpone {defer}.
break down {degenerate}.
condescend {deign}.
think {deliberate}.
dig {delve}.
derive {devolve}.
no longer associate {disassociate}.
dominate {domineer}.
save money {economize}.
bubble {effervesce}.
spurt {ejaculate}.
perform election activities {electioneer}.
make thin {emaciate}.
make bright {emblazon}.
act {emote}.
love {enamor}.
eat {engorge}.
interest {engross}.
follow {ensue}.
hesitate {equivocate}.
make error {err}.
proselytize {evangelize}.
happen eventually {eventuate}.
change slowly {evolve}.
be example {exemplify}.
feel happy {exhilarate}.
spit {expectorate}.
die or end {expire}.
extend from {extrapolate}.
act as servant {fag}.
submit to {fawn}.
dig out {ferret, verb}.
get worse {fester, verb}.
graze {forage, verb}.
refrain from doing {forbear}.
end chance to take other options {foreclose}.
protect {forfend}.
gather {forgather} {foregather}.
have sexual intercourse {fornicate}.
sink or stumble {founder}.
socialize {fraternize}.
make fruitful {fructify}.
play {gambol}.
think about {germinate}.
be lazy {goldbrick}.
show off {grandstand, verb}.
beg {grovel}.
return to {hark back}.
make more together {harmonize}.
withdraw {hibernate}.
live inside {indwell}.
drink {inebriate}.
fascinate {infatuate}.
habituate to {inure}.
increase or break {irrupt}.
fit together {jibe}.
be languid {languish}.
enjoy luxury {luxuriate}.
behave immorally {malinger}.
give oneself sexual pleasure {masturbate}.
graduate {matriculate}.
become gentle {mellow}.
urinate {micturate}.
force {militate}.
comfort or aid {minister}.
make better {mitigate}.
become decayed {molder}.
dream about {moon}.
work another job {moonlight}.
think about {mull}.
think {muse, verb}.
make nauseous {nauseate}.
impose {obtrude}.
look at {ogle}.
become hard {ossify}.
go beyond necessary {overcompensate}.
produce egg {ovulate}.
beg {panhandle}.
having many loves or having sexual relations with someone that one will not marry {philander}.
long for {pine, verb}.
perform political tasks {politick}.
dispose {predispose}.
hesitate {prevaricate}.
commit piracy {privateer}.
wait {procrastinate}.
beget {procreate}.
become more in number {proliferate}.
evangelize {proselytize}.
stick out {protrude}.
become rotten {putrefy}.
be anywhere in interval {range}.
return favor {reciprocate}.
remember {recollect}.
pay for previous action by another {recompense}.
return or affect {redound}.
think {reflect}.
not do {refrain, verb}.
go back to previous state {regress}.
think {reminisce}.
fail to do promised act {renege}.
rest {repose}.
breathe {respire}.
throw up {retch}.
dig in {retrench}.
go backward {retrogress}.
enjoy happiness {revel}.
echo {reverberate}.
go back to {revert}.
think {ruminate}.
anticipate {salivate}.
sparkle {scintillate}.
withdraw from group {secede}.
make sensitive {sensitize}.
avoid {shy, verb}.
save {sock away}.
make murmur or rustle {sough}.
drink {souse}.
not grow {stagnate}.
stay with {string along}.
struggle {strive}.
exert energy {struggle}.
make ineffective {stultify}.
eat {sup}.
having pus {suppurate}.
be abundant {teem}.
not drink alcohol {teetotal}.
drink {tipple}.
contribute ten percent {tithe}.
be obsequious {toady}.
drink regularly {tope}.
deal in {traffic}.
sin {transgress}.
transfer soul to new body {transmigrate}.
fawn {truckle}.
do nothing {vegetate}.
compete {vie, verb}.
float on air or water {waft}.
give birth {whelp}.
chase women {womanize}.
daydream {woolgather}.
leave {abandon, verb}.
go down {abate}.
remove surface {ablate}.
stop {abort}.
wear down {abrade}.
increase {accrete}.
increase {accumulate}.
take in {adsorb}.
stick on {affix, verb}.
stick together {agglutinate}.
bring together {aggregate, verb}.
land {alight}.
line up {align}.
give out {allocate}.
bring together {amalgamate}.
walk slowly {amble}.
fix {anchor}.
align together {anneal}.
add {annex, verb}.
add {append}.
give out appropriately {apportion}.
slide on water {aquaplane}.
try {assay, verb}.
add to {augment}.
avoid {avert}.
leave {bail, verb}.
hesitate {balk}.
travel around {barnstorm}.
seal {batten}.
split {bifurcate}.
puff out {billow}.
follow {bird dog}.
split into equal parts {bisect}.
seep {bleed}.
become pus {blister}.
reach bottom {bottom}.
wave {brandish}.
go through {breech, verb}.
grow {burgeon}.
bounce back and forth {careen}.
bounce off {carom}.
link {catenate}.
navigate all the way around {circumnavigate}.
surround {circumscribe}.
go around {circumvent}.
split {cleave}.
bring together {coalesce}.
move without effort {coast, verb}.
stick together {cohere}.
put in order {collate}.
turn {come about}.
begin {commence}.
mingle {commingle}.
link {concatenate}.
come together {congregate}.
join {conjoin}.
interrupt {contravene}.
change {controvert}.
call together {convoke}.
make turns {convolute}.
put rope around {cordon}.
counteract {countervail}.
run {course}.
extend neck upward {crane, verb}.
cut {crop, verb}.
remove {cull}.
dab {daub}.
leave {decamp}.
pour {decant}.
slow {decelerate}.
reduce {decimate}.
leave airplane {deplane}.
cease {desist}.
make larger {dilate}.
no longer stay together {disband}.
give to many people {disburse}.
get off {disembark}.
separate joined parts {disjoin}.
separate into parts {dissect}.
send out {disseminate}.
spread out {dissipate}.
bloat {distend}.
split {diverge}.
turn {divert}.
get rid of {divest}.
take off {doff}.
fit together {dovetail}.
recede {ebb}.
exit {egress}.
raise up {elevate}.
stretch {elongate}.
send from {emanate}.
leave {embark}.
put in {embed}.
leave from country {emigrate}.
send off {emit}.
push into {encroach}.
surround {engulf}.
put in place {ensconce}.
surround {envelop}.
force out {erupt}.
avoid capture {evade}.
turn pouch inside out {evaginate}.
turn out {evert}.
take out {excise}.
choose to perform option {exercise, verb}.
leave country {expatriate}.
send out of country {export}.
take from {extract, verb}.
take from one place and send to another {extradite}.
escape from {extricate}.
push through opening {extrude}.
thrust {feint}.
wobble at rear end {fishtail}.
stop {flag}.
whip {flagellate, verb}.
get to side of {flank}.
go regularly {frequent}.
fold {furl}.
gather {garner}.
curtsy {genuflect}.
gesture {gesticulate}.
surround {gird}.
gather {glean}.
march stiffly {goose step}.
puncture {gore}.
move toward {gravitate}.
turn {gyrate}.
go to {hie}.
crouch {hunker}.
drink {imbibe}.
go into country {immigrate}.
stick on point {impale}.
block {impede}.
explode but inward {implode}.
spread inside {infuse}.
swallow {ingest}.
go in {ingress}.
begin {initiate}.
write {inscribe}.
fit between {intercalate}.
go between {intercede}.
stop {interdict}.
insert {interject}.
put between {interpose}.
insert {introject}.
make concave {invaginate}.
cross street in middle of block {jaywalk}.
throw out {jettison}.
fight {joust}.
place near to {juxtapose}.
poke {lance, verb}.
whip {lash}.
raise up {levitate}.
link {ligate}.
whip {limn}.
tilt {list, verb}.
carry {lug}.
move slowly {lumber}.
gather {mass, verb}.
imitate {mime}.
churn {moil}.
get on {mount, verb}.
say silently {mouth, verb}.
show off {mug}.
gather {muster}.
change {mutate}.
obstruct {occlude}.
vibrate {oscillate}.
kiss {osculate}.
go past {outstrip}.
touch {palpate}.
touch {palpitate}.
block thrust {parry, verb}.
walk {perambulate}.
travel {peregrinate}.
spread through {perfuse}.
be all through {permeate}.
change to different combination {permute}.
groom oneself {preen}.
lie horizontally {prostrate}.
trim {prune, verb}.
purify by removal {purge}.
flow {purl}.
spread from center {radiate}.
mass together for purpose or feel better {rally, verb}.
branch {ramify}.
perform reconnaissance {reconnoiter}.
pass rope through hole {reeve}.
tear {rend}.
send back to country {repatriate}.
copy {replicate, verb}.
replace {reposit}.
repel {repulse}.
absorb {resorb}.
shuffle or thumb through {riffle}.
rapidly sort through {rifle, verb}.
dig {root, dig}.
wander {rove}.
try to see {rubberneck}.
climb {scale, climb}.
move swiftly and smoothly {scud}.
ooze {secrete}.
segregate {sequester}.
cut {sever}.
practice boxing alone {shadowbox}.
hit sideways instead of straight {shank, verb}.
climb {shinny}.
send on side path {shunt, verb}.
place {situate}.
hide {skulk}.
move furtively {slink}.
hit {smite}.
journey {sojourn}.
stop {stanch}.
become startled {start}.
repel {stave}.
reduce {stem, reduce}.
append {subjoin}.
spread through {suffuse}.
tear {sunder}.
add cover {superimpose}.
replace {supersede}.
ensue or follow {supervene}.
replace {supplant}.
add to {supplement}.
overcome {surmount}.
wipe {swab, verb}.
wrap {swaddle}.
pack {tamp}.
tie {tether}.
thrash grain {thresh}.
mass together {throng}.
divide {transect}.
interchange or reverse {transpose}.
travel {traverse}.
troll {trawl}.
wait {tread water}.
cut {trim}.
roll {trundle}.
change slightly {tweak}.
wave {undulate}.
prepare for action {unlimber}.
leave {vacate}.
decrease {wane}.
twist {warp, twist}.
increase {wax, verb}.
proceed {wend}.
remove undesired items {winnow}.
move back {withdraw}.
pull away {wrest}.
squirm or twist {writhe}.
fate {kismet}.
bow {salaam, Arabic}.
ruler {sultan}.
sultan's wife {sultana}.
welcome {hang ying}.
red envelope with money inside distributed at Lunar New Year {hong bao}.
whirlpool or violent situation {maelstrom}.
dummy {mannequin}.
ruler {stadtholder}.
Persian alphabet has the following sounds {Persian alphabet}, with their equivalent letter or sound in English. alef AH. beh B. peh P. teh T. seh SH. jim J. cheh CH. hehyeh jimi H. kheh KH. daal D. zaal Z. reh R. zeh Z. zheh ZH. sin S. shin SH. sad S. zad Z. ta T. za Z. ayn aspiration. ghayn Q. feh F. ghaf Q. kaf K. gaf G. lam L. mim M. nun N. vav O or V. hehyeh mimi H. yeh I or Y. hamzeh aspiration.
water {ab, Farsi}.
fantasy {afsaneh}.
sir or mister {aga}.
pomegranate {anar}.
fire {atash}.
first {aval}.
dear {aziz}.
garden {bagh}.
spring {bahar}.
alms {baksheesh}.
yes {baleh}.
bazaar {bazar}.
4 {chahr}.
tea {chai}.
10 {dah}.
2 {do, Farsi}.
friend {dust}.
red {germez}.
west {gharb}.
flower {gol}.
sunset {gorub}.
7 {haft, Farsi}.
8 {hasht}.
1000 {hezar}.
Friday {jome}.
south {joonoob}.
palace {kakh}.
book {ketab}.
madam {khanom}.
goodbye {khodafez}.
mountain {koh}.
mother {madar}.
magician or wise man or high priest {magus}.
fish {mahi}.
yogurt {mast, Farsi}.
no {na}.
salt {namak}.
bread in general {nan}.
new {no, Farsi}.
9 {noh, Farsi}.
light {noor}.
fall {paiz}.
5 {panj}.
father {pedar}.
pistachio {pesteh}.
money {pul}.
day {rooz}.
green {sabz}.
vegetables {sabzi}.
100 {sad, Farsi}.
hour {sahat}.
year {sal, Farsi}.
hello {salaam, Farsi}.
yellow {sard}.
white {sefid}.
zero {sefr}.
3 {seh}.
night {shab}.
king {shah}.
candle {sham, Farsi}.
wine {sharab}.
east {shargh}.
perhaps {shayyad}.
granulated sugar {shekar}.
north {shemal}.
sweet {shirin}.
6 {shish, Farsi}.
apple {sib}.
black {siyah}.
morning {sob, Farsi}.
summer {tabestan}.
dark {tarik}.
and {va, Farsi}.
or {yah}.
1 {yek}.
winter {zamastan}.
wife or woman {zan}.
noon {zohr}.
steam bath {sauna}.
below {á bas}.
outrageous {á outrance}.
about subject {à propos}.
current {au courant}.
in the know or knowledgeable or skilled {au fait}.
in natural state or in reality or with no seasoning or embellishments {au naturel}.
goodbye {au revoir}.
before {avant}.
that's life {c'est la vie}.
former {ci-devant}.
proper {comme il faut}.
required {de rigeur}.
excessive or more than necessary or more than wanted {de trop}.
before {déjà}.
seen before {déjà vu, French}.
of the {du, French}.
full court with all judges {en banc}.
as group or together or as one thing {en bloc}.
on guard or be ready {en garde}.
in mass or as group or in one group {en masse}.
in route or on the way {en route}.
in set or in sequence or as group {en suite}.
additional {en sus}.
finally {enfin}.
being or to be {être}.
be or do or make {faire}.
flame or burn {flamber}.
taste or try {goûter}.
out of {hors}.
no longer participant, or out of battle {hors de combat}.
indescribable characteristic or inexpressible or I do not know what {je ne sais quoi}.
let or leave {laissez}.
eat {manger, French}.
no or not {ne}.
born or woman's maiden name {née}.
not included {non compris}.
by or with {par, French}.
best or excellent {par excellence}.
please {plaît, French}.
go to {rendez}.
respond {répondez}.
please respond {RSVP}.
know {sais}.
without {sans, French}.
according to {selon}.
priced by size {S.G.} {selon grosseur}.
priced by weight {S.P.} {selon poid}.
under {sous}.
compared to or relative to or facing {vis-à-vis}.
starved {affamé}.
aged {affiné}.
amusing {amuse}.
old {ancien}.
aromatic {aromate}.
thirsty {assoifé}.
assorted {assorti}.
modern or having new ideas in the arts {avant-garde}.
bathed {baigné}.
indifferent {blasé}.
linked {chaîné}.
followed or chased {chassé}.
hot or warm {chaud}.
stylish {chic, French}.
complacent {complaisant}.
filled or no vacancy {complet}.
included {compris}.
advised or recommended {conseillé}.
available for consumption {consommation}.
lower class {declassé}.
casual {degagé}.
no longer fashionable {démodé}.
latest {dernier}.
developed {développé, French}.
distinguished {distingué}.
sweet {doux}.
hard {dur}.
turned or shaded {effacé}.
frayed or shredded {effiloché}.
spirited {esprit}.
hungry {faim}.
lazy {fainéant}.
fake or false or incorrect {faux}.
closed {fermé}.
fixed or unchanging {fixe}.
floating {flottante}.
redoubtable {formidable}.
very great {fou}.
cold {froid}.
wild {garenne}.
left or socially incorrect {gauche, French}.
graceful {grâce}.
measured {gradué}.
large, chief, or of high rank {grand}.
free {gratuit}.
coarse or granular {gros}.
high {haute}.
young {jeune}.
correct {juste}.
light {léger}.
long {longue}.
my {ma, French}.
about death {macabre}.
major or superior or greater or overriding {majeure}.
mineral {minérale}.
prized or expensive or noble {noble}.
unparalleled or best {nonpareil}.
new or young {nouveau}.
new or young {nouvelle}.
offered or given or free {offert}.
unconventional {outré}.
open {ouvert}.
open {ouvre}.
passing {passant}.
out-of-date {passé}.
lost {perdu} {perdue}.
small {petit}.
small or short {petite}.
bent {plié, French}.
new or first or fresh {primeur}.
main {principal, French}.
rare and fine or pretentious {recherché}.
lifted {relevé, French}.
rich {riche}.
risked, or sexual, or sexually suggestive {risqué}.
wild or savage {sauvage}.
dry or dried {sec, French}.
dry or dried {sèche}.
strong {serré}.
simple or plain or unmixed {simple}.
elegant {soigné} {soignée}.
lukewarm {tiède}.
too much {trop}.
true {vérité}.
old {vieux}.
living {vivant}.
seen {vu}.
goodbye or farewell {adieu}.
involving honor {affaire d'honneur}.
aid or assistance {aide, French}.
love {amour}.
self-respect {amour propre} {amour-propre}.
stodgy government {ancien régime}.
insight {aperçu}.
name {appellation, French}.
appetite {appétit}.
after skiing {après-ski}.
curve {arc}.
rainbow {arc en ciel}.
district {arrondissement}.
decorative arts {art décoratif} {art déco}.
nice gesture {beau geste}.
idealized form {beau ideal}.
fine arts {beaux-arts}.
literature {belles lettres}.
difficult person or problem or nemesis {bète noire}.
woods or wild {bois}.
good appetite or good eating {bon appétit}.
witty remark {bon mot}.
farewell or good journey {bon voyage}.
good companionship {bonhomie}.
good companionship {camaraderie}.
countryside {campagne}.
authorization to do whatever one likes or freedom to do {carte blanche}.
famous topic {cause celèbre}.
rustic or country {champêtre}.
song {chanson}.
carbon {charbon}.
masterpiece {chef d'oeuvre}.
choice {choix}.
sky {ciel}.
documentary film with no artistic embellishments {cinéma vérité}.
anger {colère}.
combat or action {combat}.
message {communiqué}.
bow or leave-taking {congé}.
argument {contretemps}.
coast {côte, coast}.
blow or strike or success {coup}.
finishing action that kills person or ends conflict {coup de grâce}.
sudden action against enemy {coup de main}.
dramatic action {coup de théatre}.
government overthrow {coup d'état, French}.
fashion or sewing {couture}.
talk or news {cri}.
critical analysis {critique, French}.
area with only one exit, or dead-end street {cul-de-sac}.
first appearance or performance {début}.
cleavage or low neckline {décolletage}.
low neckline {décolleté}.
tasting or sampling {dégustation}.
lunch {déjeuner}.
events after climax {denouement, French}.
latest news or what is in fashion {dernier cri}.
state of cordiality {détente}.
dinner or dine {dîner}.
saying {disant}.
discretion {discrétion}.
givens or principles {donnée}.
person's file {dossier}.
sound with two meanings, or two intentions with one meaning common and other risqué {double entendre}.
water {eau}.
brilliant success {éclat}.
flair {élan}.
additional work played after formal conclusion or again {encore}.
boredom {ennui}.
hearing {entendre}.
cordiality {entente}.
whole or entire {entier}.
period between acts {entr'acte}.
morale or team spirit {esprit de corps}.
importance {estime}.
summer {estival, French}.
state {état}.
star or star-shaped {étoilé}.
exposing a fact or situation {exposé}.
way or method {façon}.
knowledge or fact or ready to eat {fait}.
deed accomplished or already completed and not undoable {fait accompli}.
district formerly outside city limits {faubourg}.
misstep or foolish action or socially incorrect behavior {faux pas}.
festival {fête}.
movie filmed in dark settings {film noir}.
end {fin}.
end of 19th century {fin de siècle, French}.
final or end {finale, French}.
skill {finesse}.
three-petal lily shape {fleur-de-lys} {fleur-de-lis}.
river {fleuve}.
folly {folie}.
craziness in love {folie à deux}.
strength or force {force, French}.
overriding force or event {force majeure}.
main skill {forte, skill}.
socially incorrect behavior {gaffe}.
guard {garde}.
type or kind {genre, French}.
taste {goût, French}.
glory {grandeur}.
size {grosseur}.
war {guerre}.
designer clothing or fashion {haute couture}.
cooking like chef {haute cuisine}.
haughtiness {hauteur}.
People can have idea that others and events cannot change {idée fixe}.
island {ile}.
jealousy {jalousie, jealousy}.
joy {joie}.
joy of living, or quality of happiness and energy {joie de vivre}.
day {jour}.
lake {lac}.
unregulated {laissez-faire, French}.
thin strip or layer {lamelle}.
generosity {largess} {largesse}.
teardrop or drop {larme}.
affront {lese majesté}.
place {lieu}.
badness or sickness {mal}.
seasickness {mal de mer}.
depression {malaise}.
style {manière}.
unfulfilled ambition {manqué}.
mark or logo {marque}.
morning, or day's first movie or play showing {matinée}.
memory {mémoire}.
ocean or sea {mer}.
marriage to inferior {mésalliance}.
trade or skill {métier}.
microwave {micro-onde}.
setting {milieu}.
style {mode, style}.
mountain {montagne}.
word {môt, French}.
appropriate word or phrase or apt word {môt juste}.
pout {moue}.
middle age {moyen-âge}.
aura or charisma {mystique}.
swimming {nage}.
innocence {naiveté}.
nature or reality {naturel}.
little boat {navette}.
snow {neige}.
nobleness {noblesse}.
Nobility can have an obligation {noblesse oblige} to help less-fortunate persons.
Christmas {Noël}.
name {nom}.
name used as warrior {nom de guerre}.
pen name {nom de plume}.
north {nord}.
work, set of works, or main thing {oeuvre}.
wave {onde}.
par or parity {pair}.
bias or taking sides {parti pris}.
step {pas, French}.
dance for two people {pas de deux, French}.
work that uses parts with different styles {pastiche}.
country {pays}.
country {paysan}.
flatulence {pet, French}.
breakfast {petit déjeuner}.
piece or part or portion {pièce}.
best or final part or masterpiece {pièce de résistance}.
turn {pirouette, French}.
last chance, or everything at its worst {pis aller}.
special of the day {plat du jour}.
outdoors {plein air}.
weight {poid}.
tip or point {point}.
tip {pourboire}.
first performance {premiere}.
price {prix}.
fixed price or fixed-price menu {prix fixe}.
service included {prix net}.
subject or purpose {propos}.
self {propre}.
line {queue, line}.
what {quoi}.
reason or purpose {raison}.
purpose of life or function, or reason for being {raison d'être}.
reconciliation {rapprochement}.
reason {rationale}.
recipe {recette}.
acclaim or seeking acclaim {reclamé}.
diet {régime}.
rebirth of culture {renaissance}.
date or appointment or meeting {rendezvous}.
repartee or retort {repartie}.
meal {repas}.
skill set, or set of works to perform {repertoire}.
recurrence {reprise}.
stamina or ability to resist {résistance}.
revenge {revanche}.
daydreaming {reverie}.
show with skits {revue}.
rigor {rigueur}.
rejoinder {riposte}.
river {rivière}.
rock {roche}.
street {rue, French}.
composure or emotionlessness {sang-froid}.
know-how or skill {savoir}.
skill or social gracefulness {savoir-faire}.
spiritualist meeting {séance}.
meal or serving {service, French}.
century {siècle}.
affectionate nickname {sobriquet}.
claim about oneself {soi-disant}.
evening or evening party or get-together in evening {soirée}.
sixty-nine {soixante-neuf}.
armed attack {sortie}.
small amount {soupçon}.
sigh {soupir}.
spring {source, spring}.
success or cake {succès}.
important success {succès d'estime}.
great success {succès fou}.
sequence {suite, French}.
multiple-course fixed-price meal or open table or boarding {table d'hôte}.
scene {tableau}.
scene with silent and still actors {tableau vivant}.
ground {terre}.
intimate conversation or two-person private conversation {tête-à-tête}.
dressing or grooming or clothes or toilet or face and hair preparation {toilette}.
scored point or touched or pricked {touché}.
turn or tower {tour, French}.
skilled performance or something accomplished skillfully {tour de force}.
all {tout, French}.
trick {trompe}.
steam {vapeur}.
wind {vent, French}.
life {vie, French}.
living {vivre}.
flight {vol}.
will or discretion {volonté}.
giblets {abatis}.
organ meats {abats}.
lamb {agneau}.
wing or white breast meat {aile}.
lark {alouette, French}.
anchovy {anchois}.
donkey {ane}.
eel {anguille}.
spider crab {araignée de mer}.
fish bone {arête}.
female deer {biche}.
pike {brochet}.
quail {caille}.
squid {calmar}.
duck {canard, French}.
carp {carpe}.
cuttlefish {casseron}.
stag or male deer {cerf}.
brain {cervelle}.
capon {chapon}.
cat {chat, French}.
horse or horse meat {cheval}.
hair {cheveux}.
goat {chèvre}.
pig {cochon}.
dove {colombe}.
mature rooster {coq}.
wood grouse {coq de bruyère}.
shell {coque}.
shellfish {coquillages}.
shell {coquille}.
sea scallop {coquille Saint-Jacques}.
coral {corail}.
crab {crabe}.
bird comb {crête}.
shrimp {crevette}.
crustacean {crustacé}.
haunch or rear {cul}.
turkey {dindon}.
freshwater crayfish {écrevisse}.
smelt {eperlan}.
land snail {escargot, snail}.
swordfish {espadon}.
pheasant {faisan}.
halibut {flétan}.
liver {foie}.
albacore tuna {germon}.
gizzard {gésier}.
game {gibier}.
haunch {gigue, French}.
frog {grenouille}.
thrush {grive}.
snout {groin, French}.
small cod {haddock, French}.
herring {hareng}.
swallow {hirondelle}.
lobster {homard}.
oyster {huître}.
leg {jambon, leg}.
knuckle {jarret}.
yolk {jaune d'oeuf}.
lamprey eel {lamproie}.
spiny lobster or rock lobster or crawfish {langouste}.
small crayfish {langoustine}.
rabbit {lapin}.
pollack {lieu noir}.
hare or wild rabbit {lièvre}.
breast {magret}.
mackerel {maquereau}.
wild meadow lark or skylark {mauviette}.
blackbird {merle}.
hake {merlu}.
beef marrow {moëlle}.
mollusk {mollusque}.
wild sheep {moufflon}.
mussel or mold {moule}.
mutton or sheep {mouton}.
muzzle {museau}.
egg {oeuf}.
goose {oie}.
ear {oreille}.
bone {os, French}.
oyster {ostréi}.
sea urchin {oursin}.
shoulder {paleron}.
wild pigeon or dove {palombe}.
butterfly {papillon}.
clam {patagos}.
crayfish {patte}.
skin {peau}.
scallop or coquille Saint-Jacques {pèlerine}.
perch {perche}.
partridge {perdrix}.
body {physique}.
foot {pied, French}.
large sardine {pilchard, French}.
claw or tong {pince}.
guinea fowl {pintade}.
flatfish {plaice, French}.
feather or plume or quill or pen {plume, French}.
fur {poil}.
fish {poisson}.
breast {poitrine}.
chicken or hen {poule}.
chicken {poulet, French}.
octopus {poulpe}.
chick {poussin}.
tail or oxtail {queue, tail}.
skate or ray {raie}.
wild pigeon {ramier}.
rockfish {rascasse}.
kidney {rognon}.
pickerel {sandre}.
wild boar {sanglier}.
starling or thrush {sansonnet}.
teal {sarcelle}.
small sardine {sardine, French}.
salmon {saumon}.
cuttlefish {seiche}.
cuttlefish {supion}.
bull {taureau}.
tendon {tendron}.
head {tête}.
tuna {thon}.
albacore {thon germon}.
bluefin tuna {thon rouge}.
bull {toro}.
turtle {tortue}.
trout {truite}.
cow {vache}.
belly or stomach {ventre}.
bladder {vessie}.
face {vis}.
white {blanc}.
blue {bleu, color}.
light color {blonde} {blond}.
gray {gris}.
yellow {jaune}.
black {noir}.
pink {rose, French color}.
red or red cosmetic powder or red polishing powder {rouge, French}.
green {vert}.
sweet or slightly bitter before-dinner drink {apéritif}.
beer {bière}.
drink {boire}.
drink {boisson}.
red wine, bone marrow, and shallot sauce {bordelaise}.
espresso and steamed milk {café au lait}.
filtered coffee {café filtre}.
coffee with whipped cream or coffee ice cream with whipped cream {café liègeois}.
espresso with little milk {café noisette}.
strong espresso {café serré}.
apple brandy, from Normandy {calvados, French}.
cider {cidre}.
sparkling wine {crémant}.
chocolate liqueur {crème de cacao, French}.
black currant liqueur {crème de cassis}.
mint liqueur {crème de menthe, French}.
after-dinner drink {digestif}.
fruit brandy {eau-de-vie}.
espresso {express}.
large espresso and milk {grand crème}.
very good wine {grand cru}.
four-liter wine bottle {imperiale}.
herb tea {infusion}.
sherry {jerez}.
crème de cassis and wine. kir royal is crème de cassis and champagne {kir}.
wild black cherry liqueur {kirsch, French}.
caraway seed liqueur {kummel}.
milk {lait}.
Madeira {madère}.
plum brandy {mirabelle}.
anise liqueur, such as Pernod and Ricard {pastis}.
sweet fortified wine {pineau des Charentes}.
port {porto}.
rum {rhum}.
rare or pink wine {rosé, French wine}.
wine {vin}.
sherry {xérès}.
with tomato and sweet pepper, as in Basque region {à la basquaise}.
with rice, tomato, onion, sweet pepper, and paprika, in bohemian style {à la bohémienne}.
with bacon and vegetables, as by middle class {à la bourgeoise}.
with red wine, onion, mushroom, and bacon, as in Burgundy {à la bourguignon}.
with white bean, as in Brittany {à la bretonne}.
with stuffed cabbage leaf, carrot, turnip, potato, and bacon, as in Flanders {à la flamande}.
with pea, lettuce, small white onion, and parsley, as in France {à la française}.
with oil, lemon juice, and water, for cold vegetables, as in Greece {à la grecque}.
with paprika and cream, as in Hungary {à la hongroise}.
with onion, as in Lyon {à la lyonnaise}.
with tomato, as in Madrid {à la madrilène}.
with onion, potato, and carrot {à la ménagère}.
seasoned, floured, fried, and served with lemon, parsley, and melted butter {à la meunière}.
with apple liqueur or with cider, carrot, onion, leek, and spice, as in Caen {à la mode de caen}.
with sweet pepper, onion, and garlic, as in Navarre {à la navarraise}.
with carrot and onion, as in Nevers {à la nivernaise}.
with fried potato balls and vegetables, as in Paris {à la parisienne}.
with carrot, turnip, onion, celery, and bacon, as in country {à la paysan}.
with truffle and foie gras, as in Périgord in southwest France {à la périgourdine}.
with juice from pressing carcass, plus red wine and/or Cognac {à la presse}.
with blood sauce, as in Rouen {à la rouennaise}.
with truffle and cream sauce {à la royale}.
with pea, carrot, turnip, and mayonnaise, as in Russia {à la russe}.
with peeled white grapes {à la véronique}.
with tomato sauce, as by gypsies {à la zingara}.
with tomato, pepper, onion, and garlic, as in Spain {à l'espagnole}.
with curry powder, as in East India {à l'indienne}.
with saffron, tomato, and sweet red pepper, as in Orient {à l'orientale}.
apricot {abricot}.
mayonnaise and garlic {aïoli}.
sweet peppers in chicken stock {albuféra}.
with almond {amandine}.
tripe sausage {andouille}.
with juniper berries {ardennaise}.
with dried beans {arpajon}.
filled crêpe tied like bundle {aumônière}.
tomato and cream {aurore}.
deboned poultry {ballotine}.
eggplant dish or bean and artichoke dish {barbouillade}.
layer with uncured bacon {barder}.
lamb legs and rear {baron, French}.
lettuce with broad, flat leaf {batavia, French}.
small vegetable stick {bâtonnet}.
gelatin cream {bavaroise}.
butter, egg, shallot, wine, vinegar, and tarragon {béarnaise}.
milk, butter, flour, onion, bay leaf, pepper, and nutmeg {béchamel}.
orange or pear type {bergamot, French}.
butter or yellow {beurre}.
butter, vinegar, white wine, and shallot {beurre blanc}.
raw butter {beurre cru}.
butter, olive oil, herbs, garlic, and anchovy {beurre de Montpellier}.
salted butter {beurre demi-sel}.
browned butter {beurre noir}.
slightly browned butter {beurre noisette}.
almond milk and gelatin pudding {blanc-mange}.
candy {bonbon, French}.
with mussels {bouchoteur}.
stock or broth {bouillon}.
fresh parsley, bay leaf, and thyme {bouquet garni, French}.
with mashed potato {brandade}.
white wine, carrot, leek, and celery sauce {bretonne}.
soup {brouet}.
stew or soup or scrambled eggs {brouillade}.
finely diced vegetables {brunoise}.
Caribbean chocolate {caraïbes}.
Swiss-chard white rib or stalk {carde}.
curry {cary}.
soft brown sugar {cassonade}.
celeriac or celery root {céleri-rave}.
cereal {céréale}.
pale orange wild mushroom {girolle} {chanterelle}.
braised partridge and cabbage or herb and spice liqueur {chartreuse, French}.
hunter or white wine, mushroom, shallot, tomato, and herb sauce {chasseur, French}.
shredded vegetables {chiffonnade}.
chocolate {chocolat}.
béarnaise sauce with tomatoes {choron}.
sauerkraut {choucroute}.
game stew with blood {civet, French}.
black cherry and custard tart {clafoutis}.
oyster bed {claire}.
pea garnish {clamart}.
tumeric, rice powder, coriander, pepper, cumin, and fenugreek {colombo, French}.
jam {confiture}.
pickled {conserves au vinaigre}.
clear soup {consommé, French}.
almond or cream tart with sugar glaze {conversation}.
broth {court-bouillon}.
rich bittersweet chocolate {couverture}.
with carrot garnish {crécy, French}.
crêpe with orange liqueur flambée {crêpes Suzette}.
potato pancake, from Auvergne {crique}.
raw vegetable {crudité}.
leg or thigh or drumstick {cuisse}.
devil or pepper-mustard sauce {diable}.
with white wine, mussel, shrimp, mushroom, and cream, as in Dieppe {dieppoise}.
with mustard, as in Dijon {dijonnaise}.
with butter, egg yolk, and nutmeg {duchesse}.
white sauce with shallot, white wine, tomato, and parsley {dugléré}.
sautéed chopped mushrooms and shallots in cream {duxelles}.
sparerib {echine}.
wild rose jam, from Alsace {eglantine}.
whole vegetable or herb {en branche}.
carrot, radish, or turnip greens {fanes}.
Madiera sauce with truffle juice {financière}.
with spinach {florentine}.
with green bean and foie gras {folle}.
with mushroom, bacon, and potato {forestière}.
braised in wine or cream sauce {fricassée, French}.
chocolate and crème fraîche {ganache}.
garnish or garnished {garni}.
cold soup of tomato, cucumber, onion, and sweet pepper, from Spain {gaspacho}.
choux paste, potato, or semolina dumplings {gnocchi}.
crust from baking or grated {gratin}.
with whipped cream {grelette}.
mayonnaise, caper, cornichon, hard-cooked egg, and herbs {gribiche}.
thyme, rosemary, summer savory, and bay leaf {herbes de Provence}.
butter, egg yolk, and lemon juice sauce {hollandaise}.
eggplant with sautéed onion, tomato, and spice {imam bayaldi}.
fresh cooked vegetables {jardinière}.
aspic {juive}.
juice {jus}.
roe {laitance}.
with tomato, eggplant, and wild mushroom {languedocienne}.
bacon {lard, French}.
add fat strips {larder, French}.
small fried or baked balls {macaire}.
macaroon {macaron}.
butter, parsley, and lemon sauce or with red wine and shallot {maître d'hôtel}.
hollandaise sauce with orange {maltaise}.
tangerine {mandarine}.
sweet pea or snow pea {mange-tout}.
grape skin and seed liqueur {marc}.
tide or fresh food {marée}.
seasoned soaking and tenderizing liquid {marinade}.
marinated {mariné}.
mousse-like {marquise, mousse}.
mixed stewed vegetables {matignon}.
with red wine sauce {meurette}.
honey {miel}.
chopped hard egg yolks {mimosa, egg}.
with anchovy, pitted olive, and tarragon {mirabeau}.
with cherry, as in Montmorency, Paris suburb {montmorency}.
whipped eggs and cream {mousse, French}.
with butter, egg yolk, and whipped egg whites and cream {mousseline}.
with tomato, garlic, onion, and orange zest or with tomato, green bean, anchovy, tuna, potato, black olive, capers, and artichoke, as in Nice {niçoise, French}.
vermouth sauce {noilly}.
with seafood, cream, and mushroom or with apple cider or Calvados, as in Normandy {normande}.
roasted almond, egg white, and honey {nougat, French}.
noodle {nouille}.
whipped egg whites poached in milk, with vanilla custard {oeufs à la neige}.
with Jerusalem artichoke {palestine, French}.
fried chickpea pancake, from Provence {panisse}.
mousse {parfait, French}.
with potatoes {parmentier}.
pasta {pâtes}.
nugget or chip {péptie}.
small red pepper, from Spain {pequillo}.
with truffle and foie gras, as in Périgord in southwest France {Périgueux}.
chopped parsley and garlic {persillade}.
rice with sautéed onion cooked in broth {pilaf, French}.
rice with sautéed onion cooked in broth {pilau}.
hot or peppery or spicy {pimenté}.
with pepper, onion, tomato, from Basque {pipérade}.
basil, garlic, and olive oil sauce, from Provence {pistou}.
brown sauce of wine, pepper, vinegar, and strained vegetables {poivrade}.
cornmeal {polenta}.
thick smooth paste {pommade}.
French fries {pommes de terre frites}.
fried potatoes {pommes de terre Pont-Neuf}.
caramelized apple slices {pommes en l'air}.
soup {potage}.
mixture or sweet-smelling herb mixture {potpourri}.
caramelized almonds {praline, French}.
diced spring vegetables {printanière}.
with garlic, tomato, and olive oil, as in Provence {provençale}.
ground ginger, nutmeg, white pepper, and clove {quatre épices}.
dumpling {quenelle}.
egg and cream custard tart {quiche}.
bacon, egg, and cream tart, as in Lorraine {quiche lorraine}.
saddle {râble}.
stew {ragoût, French}.
eggplant, zucchini, onion, tomato, pepper, garlic, and olive oil, from Provence {ratatouille}.
thick vinegar, white wine, shallot, and herb sauce or mayonnaise, capers, onion, and herbs {ravigote}.
honeycomb {rayon de miel}.
licorice {réglisse}.
mayonnaise, capers, mustard, herbs, anchovy, and gherkin or shredded celery root in mayonnaise {rémoulade}.
round slice {rondelle}.
with foie gras and truffle {Rossini}.
flour and butter mixture {roux, French}.
chopped vegetables in mayonnaise {russe, French}.
whipped egg yolk, sugar, wine, and flavoring sauce {sabayon}.
sweet and rich {sablée}.
with peas {saint-Germain}.
salad or lettuce head {salade}.
salt-cured or salted {salé, French}.
Corsica grape or herb black pudding {sangue}.
with truffle, as in Sarlat in Dordogne {sarladaise}.
browned in butter, fat, or oil or fried in pan {sauté, French}.
escarole {scarole}.
salt {sel}.
unbleached sea salt {sel gris}.
coarse salt {sel gros}.
bleached sea salt {sel marin}.
buffet style {service à la française}.
courses served in sequence {service à la russe}.
cream, onion, white wine, and lemon juice sauce {smitane}.
onion sauce {soubise}.
baked puréed egg yolk and whipped egg white {soufflé, French}.
puffed {soufflées}.
soup {soupe}.
egg and flour noodle, from Alsace {spaetzle} {spetzli} {spätzel}.
lollipop {sucette}.
sugar {sucre}.
sweet {sucré}.
white sauce with veal or chicken juice {suprême}.
black olive, anchovy, capers, olive oil, and lemon juice, from Provence {tapenade}.
pie or tart {tarte}.
caramelized apple pie {tarte Tatin}.
with cream sauce {thermidor, French}.
garlic, onion, tomato, egg yolk, and vinegar soup, from southwest France {tourin} {tourrin} {tourain}.
green vegetables {verdure, French}.
herb vinaigrette {verdurette}.
watercress and potato {vert-pré}.
with glazed carrot or mineral water {vichy}.
cold leek and potato cream soup {vichyssoise, French}.
vinegar {vinaigre}.
oil, vinegar, salt, and pepper {vinaigrette, French}.
white Rhône grape {viognier}.
whipped egg yolk, sugar, wine, and flavoring sauce {zabaglione, French}.
ground sesame seed, sumac berry, thyme, and salt, as in Middle East {za'tar}.
with garlic, parsley, and bread crumb, as in Provence {à la provençale}.
match or puff pastry strip {allumette}.
unleavened or unleavened bread or matzo {azyme}.
sponge cake with rum syrup {baba au rhum, French}.
wand or stick-like bread {baguette, French}.
small boat or boat-shaped pastry {barquette}.
large baguette {bâtard}.
small baguette {bâton, French}.
doughnut or fried pastry or fritter {beignet}.
cake or cookie {biscuit, French}.
ladyfinger {biscuit à la cuillère}.
small thick pancake for caviar {blini}.
small pastry or vol-au-vent {bouchée}.
ball or large round bread {boule, bread}.
poached fruit in pastry with vanilla custard {bourdaloue}.
muffin or bun or butter and egg yeast bread {brioche, French}.
crustless bread, or hors d'oeuvre type {canapé, French}.
bread crumbs {chapelure}.
ladyfingers with custard or buttered bread with fruit compote {charlotte}.
filled pastry {chausson}.
deep-fried spiral bread dipped in sugar {chichi}.
egg and bread crumb coating for fried fish {colbert}.
whole grain {complète}.
crown or bread ring {couronne}.
thin pancake {crêpe}.
cream-filled pastry with sugar glaze {croquembouche}.
crust or pastry {croûte}.
toasted or fried cubed bread {croûtons}.
mixed with choux pastry, formed into small balls, and fried {dauphine}.
wrapped in pastry {en chemise}.
flour {farine}.
puff pastry {feuilletée}.
small almond cake {financier}.
pancake or cake or round flat pastry {galette}.
cake {gâteau}.
almond sponge cake with coffee and chocolate icing {gâteau opéra}.
waffle {gaufre}.
sponge cake {génoise}.
venetian blind or small pastry lattice with almond paste and jam {jalousie, bread}.
sourdough {levain}.
small sweet cake {madeleine, French}.
hot sugared doughnut {merveille}.
large round bread {miche}.
interior, or bread crumb {mie}.
small cake or pastry {mignardise}.
pastry with baked meringue, chestnut purée, and whipped cream {mont blanc, French}.
woven bread loaf {natte}.
fried pancake {paillasson}.
bread or loaf {pain, bread}.
almond sponge cake {pain de Gênes}.
rectangular white sandwich loaf {pain de mie}.
gingerbread {pain d'épices}.
toast {pain grillé}.
palm or puff pastry in palm leaf shape {palmier}.
breaded {pané}.
rolled crêpe {pannequet}.
large choux pastry with almonds and praline butter cream {paris-Brest}.
cake {pastiza}.
roll {petit pain}.
butter cookie {petit-beurre}.
cupcake or small cake or pastry {petit-four}.
bread or cake {pompe}.
choux pastry with vanilla ice cream and hot chocolate sauce {profiterole}.
olive oil, garlic, chile pepper, bread, and fish broth sauce {rouille}.
bread and wine sauce {saupiquet}.
yeast cake in sweet syrup {savarin}.
sponge cake {savoie}.
open-face sandwich or buttered bread {tartine}.
coated in egg, breaded, and fried {viennoise}.
in country style {à la campagne}.
from menu or item by item {á la carte}.
soft-cooked in shell {à la coque}.
on tap {à la pression}.
boiled, as in England {à l'anglaise}.
medium rare or ripe or ready to eat {à point}.
bitter or sour {aigre}.
bitter or bittersweet {amer}.
appetizer {amuse-bouche}.
appetizer {amusegueule}.
formal food definition {appellation d'origine contrôlée} (AOC).
sprinkled or basted {arosé}.
seasoned {assaisonné}.
plate or platter {assiette}.
skewer {attelet}.
charcoal-grilled {au charbon de bois}.
in its natural juices {au jus}.
beautiful presentation {bellevue}.
well done {bien cuit}.
organic {biologique}.
brown {bis, French}.
whitened or bleached {blanch}.
blue or very rare {bleu, rare}.
can {boîte de conserve}.
home-style {bonne femme}.
salted and smoked {bouffi}.
boiled {bouilli}.
braised {braisé, French}.
braise {braiser}.
roasted on spit {broche}.
scrambled {brouillé}.
caramelized or brown {brûlé}.
Dishes can be always available {buffet, French}.
caffeine {caféine}.
curdled {caillé}.
country-style {campagnard}.
caramelized {caramelisé}.
kosher {casher}.
snack {casse-croûte}.
pot {casserole, French}.
in small casserole {cassolette}.
studded {clouté}.
chopped coarsely {concassé}.
freeze {congeler}.
chop {côte, chop}.
crunchy {craquant}.
finest or something at highest level {crème de la crème}.
raw {cru}.
cooked together {cuisiné}.
baked or cooked {cuit}.
truncated cone or oval-shaped baking mold {dariole}.
decaffeinated {déca}.
decaffeinated {décaféiné}.
shelled or peeled {décortiqué}.
slightly salted or unsmoked {demi-sel}.
diced {dés, French}.
boned {désossé}.
browned or golden brown {doré}.
fresh or sweet {douce}.
sweet or dessert or sweetener as tip or bribe {douceur}.
crushed or pressed {écrasé}.
skimmed {écremé}.
drained {égoutée}.
thin sliced {emincé}.
skinned by blanching, for almonds and tomatoes {emondé}.
in parchment paper {en papillote, French}.
boiled or baked in its skin {en robe de chambre}.
boiled or baked in its skin {en robe des champs}.
first course or main course {entrée}.
desserts {entremets}.
thick {épais}.
thick {épaisse}.
thin slice {escalope}.
stuffed {étoffé}.
smothered or tightly covered {étouffé}.
smothered or tightly covered {étuvé}.
hung to age {faisandé}.
stuffed {farci}.
from farm {fermier}.
lighted {flambée, French}.
melting {fondant, French}.
melted {fondue, French}.
pungent or strong {fort}.
whisk {fouet}.
whipped {fouettée}.
stuffed or filled {fourré}.
fresh or chilled {fraîche}.
fresh or chilled {frais}.
quivering {frémi}.
curly {frisé}.
fried {frit}.
French fry {frite}.
small fried piece {fritot}.
fried food {friture}.
smoked {fumé}.
garnish {garniture}.
carbonated {gazeuse}.
aspic or jelly {gelée}.
frosted {givré}.
fat {graisse}.
crackling {graisseron}.
fat {gras}.
crackling {grattelon}.
crackling {gratton}.
grilled {grillé, French}.
appetizer {hors-d'oeuvre}.
oil {huile}.
slivered {julienne, French}.
commercial {laitier}.
mashed {mâché}.
thin and lean {maigre}.
small covered pot or casserole or broth from casserole {marmite}.
mixture or blend {mélange}.
dish or preparation {mets}.
half raw {mi-cru}.
half cooked {mi-cuit}.
simmered {mijoté}.
slice {miroton}.
coffee-flavored {moka}.
simmered {mollet}.
piece or small portion {morceau}.
mold {moulage}.
ground or milled {moulu}.
covered {nappé, French}.
food {nourriture}.
thick slice {paillarde}.
julienned and fried {pailles}.
mixed {panaché}.
plume or high style {panache}.
flavor {parfum}.
sharp or spicy {piquant, French}.
larded or studded {piqué}.
poached {poché}.
pan-fried {poêlé}.
squeezed {pressé}.
tap {pression}.
chopped finely or crushed {purée}.
cool or chilled or fresh {rafraîchi}.
small casserole or tart {ramequin}.
grated or shredded {râpé}.
fried browned {rissolé}.
roast {rôti}.
angled slice {rouelle}.
red {rouget}.
roll {roulade}.
rolled {roulé}.
rolling pin {rouleau à pâtisserie}.
rare {saignant}.
smoked {saur}.
tender {tendre}.
roasted {torréfiée}.
slice {tranche}.
with browned cheese {au gratin, French}.
cow's milk cheese wheel {brie, French}.
aromatic cow's milk cheese {camembert, French}.
sweet whip cream {Chantilly}.
shaving from chocolate, cheese, or vegetable {copeau}.
cream {crème}.
egg-custard cream {crème anglaise}.
custard with caramelized crust {crème brûlée}.
sweet whip cream {crème chantilly}.
thickened cream {crème fraîche}.
custard filling {crème pâtissière}.
ham, cheese, and grilled egg sandwich {croque-madame}.
toasted ham and cheese sandwich {croque-monsieur}.
baked with milk, garlic, cheese, and egg or with sliced potato, cream, and cheese or eggs {dauphinoise}.
cooked pressed mild cow's-milk cheese with big holes {emmental}.
custard lined with caramel or tart {flan}.
soft white dessert cheese, from Ile-de-France {fontainebleau, French}.
almond custard {frangipane}.
cheese {fromage}.
with browned cheese {gratinées}.
mild hard cooked cheese {gruyère, French}.
with onions or with bouillon, port, egg, and cheese or with cubed bacon and soft-cooked egg {lyonnaise, French}.
cream sauce with egg yolk and cheese {mornay, French}.
soft pungent cow's-milk cheese with red rind {munster}.
soft white cow's-milk cheese {neufchâtel, French}.
small custard {pot-de-crème}.
melted cheese, boiled potato, pickled cucumber, and onion, from Switzerland and Savoie {raclette}.
creamy rice with stock and cheese or mushroom {risotto, French}.
blue veined sheep's milk cheese {roquefort, French}.
with Gruyère cheese or with sliced potato, bouillon, cheese, and butter {savoyarde}.
cheese with more than 75 percent butterfat {triple crème}.
yogurt {yaourt}.
with candied fruit {à la impératrice}.
with rice pudding and candied fruit {à l'impératrice}.
poached fruit on ice cream with hot chocolate sauce {belle Hélène}.
stewed fruit {compotier} {compote, French}.
vegetable or fruit purée {coulis}.
fruit and egg white custard {crème plombières}.
chopped mixed fruits or vegetables {macédoine}.
fruit purée {marmelade}.
frozen whipped cream and candied fruit {nougat glacé}.
vanilla ice cream, candied fruit, kirsch, and apricot jam {plombière}.
nut-infused or fruit-infused brandy {ratafia}.
macerated fruit, liqueur, and whipped cream {romanoff}.
whipped and frozen wine or fruit juice and egg white {spoom}.
citrus-peel colored part {zeste}, with no white pith.
stylish or with ice cream {à la mode}.
ice cream in layers {bombe, French}.
ice cream cone {cornet de glace}.
ice cream {crème glacée}.
shaken with ice {frappé, French}.
candied or iced or crystallized or glazed {glacé}.
ice or ice cream or mirror {glace}.
sherbet or flavored ice {granité, French}.
ice cream dessert with cone or cake {mystère}.
poached peach with ice cream and strawberry purée {pêche Alexandra}.
poached peach with ice cream and raspberry sauce {pêche Melba}.
sherbet {sorbet}.
with meat, swiss chard, and cheese, as in Nice {à la niçoise}.
with sauerkraut, foie gras, and salt pork, as in Strasbourg {à la strasbourgeoise}.
mussel, cockscomb, and crayfish {à l'impériale}.
fish stock, flour, butter, white wine, and shallot sauce {bercy}.
steak {bifteck}.
meat stew with white sauce and egg {blanquette}.
beef {boeuf}.
sausage {boudin}.
fish soup of Marseille with olive oil, onion, garlic, tomato, parsley, and saffron {bouillabaisse, French}.
cooked with meat {boulangère}.
fish soup with onion, tomato, garlic, herbs, olive oil, egg yolk, and aïoli {bourride}.
skewer with meat and vegetable pieces {brochette, French}.
marrow bone {canon, French}.
meat cooked in sauce that becomes reduced {capilotade}.
beef braised in beer and onions {carbonnade}.
rack or loin or crown roast {carré}.
white bean and meat casserole {cassoulet}.
fish marinated in lime juice and seasoning {cebiche}.
sausage {cervelas}.
steak filet with sautéed potatoes and white wine, beef stock, butter, shallot, and herb sauce or béarnaise sauce {chateaubriand}.
deer or venison {chevreuil}.
small sausage {chipolata}.
meat cooked in its fat or juice, or fruit or vegetable in sugar, alcohol, or vinegar {confit}.
cutlet {côtelette}.
semolina grains or steamed semolina grains, broth, vegetable, meat, and hot sauce, from North Africa {couscous}.
ground meat, vegetables, egg, and sauce coated in bread crumbs and fried {croquette, French}.
rectangular fish filet or fish steak {darne}.
meat, red wine, and onion stew, with tomato or garlic {daube}.
in half mourning or poached chicken with truffles under skin or sweetbreads, truffles, and white sauce {demi-deuil}.
light brown beef sauce {demi-glace}.
whole fish in aspic {en bellevue}.
beef rib steak {entrecôte}.
sirloin steak {faux-filet}.
flank {flanchet}.
bottom or cooked meat juice {fond}.
béarnaise sauce and meat glaze {foyot}.
sweetmeat or petit four {friandise}.
seafood {fruits de mer}.
fish stock {fumet, French}.
stuffed or rolled deboned meat glazed with gelatin {galantine}.
lamb leg {gigot}.
sweetmeats or candies {gourmandises}.
chopped meat or fish {hachis}.
ham {jambon, ham}.
stuffed meat with herb and garlic butter {kiev}.
round slice {médaillon}.
assorted seafood {méli-mélo}.
veal {osso bucco}.
upper shoulder {palette, French}.
minced meat {pâté}.
pastry or dough {pâte}.
creamy pastry dough {pâte à choux}.
pie pastry {pâte brisée}.
fried chopped meat or fish in cutlet shape {pojarski}.
pork {porc}.
suckling pig {porcelet}.
simmered or poached beef or fish with vegetables {pot bouilli}.
simmered or poached beef or fish with vegetables {pot-au-feu, French}.
fatted hen {poularde, French}.
standing rump {quasi, French}.
sweetbreads {ris}.
rump steak {rumsteck}.
lard or pork fat {saindoux}.
roasted poultry with meat juice sauce {salmis}.
sauce with vegetable, meat, or fish {salpicon}.
small fresh sausage or sausage {saucisse}.
hot dog {saucisse de Francfort}.
large dried sausage, like salami {saucisson}.
fish marinated in lime juice and seasoning {seviche}.
lamb shank {souris}.
chopped raw beef, with raw egg, capers, chopped onion, and parsley {tartare}.
earthenware crock, crock of ground meat and seasoning, or pâté in terrine {terrine}.
center beef filet {tournedos}.
spareribs {travers}.
innards {tripe, French}.
veal {veau}.
veal, chicken, or fish stock, cream, and egg yolk sauce {velouté}.
meat {viande}.
puff pastry shell with meat or fish in sauce {vol-au-vent}.
with chestnut or mushroom, as in Cevennes {à la cévenole}.
with artichoke heart, chestnut purée, braised lettuce, and sautéed potato {à la châtelaine}.
with garlic, pine nut, and goose fat, as in Landes in southwest France {à la landaise}.
log-shaped Christmas sponge cake with chestnuts and chocolate {bûche de Noël}.
roasted and/or salted peanut {cacahouète}.
walnut meat {cerneau}.
small white bean in shell or coconut {coco blanc}.
pepper sauce with chestnut and bacon {saint-Hubert}.
bill or tab {addition, French}.
notes or summary {aide-mémoire}.
blackboard {ardoise}.
bench {banc}.
bar {barre, French}.
letter {billet, French}.
love letter {billet-doux}.
can or bottle or box {boîte}.
lunch box {boîte à goûter}.
bowl {bol}.
bedroom {boudoir}.
kettle {bouilloire}.
bottle {bouteille}.
button {bouton}.
cash register {caisse}.
small box {caissette}.
military post {camp}.
pitcher {carafe, French}.
card or menu {carte}.
ash or cinder {cèndre}.
chair with long seat for legs {chaise longue, French}.
hat or small bread round with dough hat {chapeau, French}.
house {chateau}.
dress {chemise, French}.
walls with barbed wire, spikes, or broken glass {cheval-de-frise}.
chest {coffre}.
hat with lace {coiffe}.
light perfume {cologne, French}.
candy shop {confiserie}.
freezer {congélateur}.
conservatory {conservatoire}.
architectural decoration looking like fruit or flower basket {corbeille} {corbeil}.
horn of plenty {corne d'abondance}.
cone {cornet, French}.
knife {couteau}.
place setting with dishes, silver, glassware, and linen {couvert}.
silk {crêpe de Chine}.
jug {cruche}.
spoon {cuillère}.
kitchen or cooking or food style {cuisine}.
stove {cuisinière}.
rump or trouser {culotte}.
toothpick {cure-dent}.
checkerboard {damier}.
small cup {demi-tasse, French} {demitasse, French}.
lace {dentelle}.
light perfume or toilet water {eau de cologne}.
very light perfume {eau de toilette}.
ink {encre}.
bundle {fagot, French}.
horseshoe {fer à cheval}.
farm {ferme}.
fire {feu}.
string {ficelle}.
flute or thin champagne glass {flûte}.
oven {four}.
microwave oven {four à micro-onde}.
fork {fourchette}.
mug {grande tasse}.
toaster {grille-pain}.
skewer {hâtelet}.
hotel or establishment {hôtel}.
ladle {louche}.
school {lycée}.
store {magasin}.
house or restaurant {maison}.
small house or two-story apartment {maisonette}.
market or seasonable or available {marché}.
standing stone {menhir}.
mirror or glaze {miroir}.
mitt for oven {mitaine isolante}.
mosaic {mosaïque}.
mill {moulin, French}.
bill or tab {note, French}.
novelty {nouveauté}.
art object {objet d'art}.
oval window {oeil-de-boeuf}.
can opener {ouvre-boîte}.
stick {paille}.
paper {papier}.
pasted paper collage using paper cut into shapes {papier collé}.
Paper soaked in paste and shaped and dried, or paper and paste mixture {papier-mâché}.
parchment paper or foil {papillote, French}.
package or parcel {paquet}.
passport {passe-partout}.
paving stone {pavé}.
soft non-shiny fabric {peau de soie}.
pearl {perlé}.
magic potion {philtre}.
temporary or second residence {pied-à-terre}.
public urinal {pissoir}.
dish {plat, French}.
dish or plate {plat cuisiné}.
platter {plateau, French}.
frying pan {poêle}.
china {porcelaine}.
carriage entrance {porte-cochère}.
jar {pot, French}.
measuring cup {pot gradué}.
prayer bench {prié-dieu}.
official record {proces-verbal}.
well {puit}.
grater {râpe}.
skin or jacket {robe de chambre}.
skin or jacket {robe des champs}.
tap {robinet}.
novel or story {roman, French}.
novel series about community or family {roman-fleuve}.
saddle {selle}.
napkin {serviette}.
silk {soie}.
item associated with past event {souvenir}.
spatula {spatule}.
bar or piece {tablette}.
apron {tablier}.
cup {tasse}.
teapot {théière}.
small mold {timbale}.
pot with three legs {tourtière}.
painting using unusual perspective or viewpoint {trompe l'oeil}.
roof tile or almond cookie {tuile}.
ring mold {turban, French}.
dish {vaisselle}.
glass {verre}.
hundred {cent}.
five {cinq}.
half, or half-bottle of wine {demi, French}.
two {deux}.
ten {dix}.
twelve {douze}.
eight {huit}.
thousand {mille}.
nine {neuf}.
eleven {onze}.
quarter {quart, French}.
four {quatre}.
seven {sept, French}.
six {six, French}.
three {trois}.
one {un, French}.
twenty {vingt}.
instigator or provoker {agent provocateur}.
officer assistant {aide-de-camp, French}.
angel {ange}.
newcomer {arrivé}.
artist {artiste}.
person aiding leader at military or diplomatic building {attaché}.
Non-family members {au pair} can live and eat free while cleaning and/or caring for children.
fashionable society {beau monde}.
beautiful woman {belle}.
block or unified group {bloc}.
High-living people {bon vivant} can happily consume all the good things in life.
mouth {bouche}.
baker {boulanger}.
common people {bourgeois} {bourgeoise}.
dandy {boutonnière}.
woman with brown color hair {brunette}.
rabble {canaille}.
female singer {chanteuse}.
assistant or person dispatched by higher official to do or communicate something {chargé d'affaires}.
heart {coeur}.
house mistress {concierge}.
expert {connoisseur}.
team or group {corps, French}.
retinue or procession {cortège}.
neck {cou}.
truck farmer or vegetable soup {cultivateur}.
girl formally entering society {debutante}.
immoral social classes, lower-class group, or prostitutes {demimonde}.
unmarried woman or young lady {demoiselle}.
rump {derrière}.
amateur {dilettante}.
divorced female {divorcée}.
back {dos, French}.
most senior man in group {doyen}.
most senior woman in group {doyenne}.
child {enfant}.
Young and unconventional artists or scholars {enfant terrible} can be forceful and iconoclastic.
shoulder {épaule}.
ear {epi}.
woman {femme}.
Men can be fatally attracted to beautiful women {femme fatale}.
betrothed or engaged man {fiancé}.
betrothed or engaged woman {fiancée}.
playful woman {gamine}.
waiter {garçon}.
older respected woman {grande dame}.
social-establishment frequenter {habitué}.
host {hôte}.
it or he {il}.
naive young woman {ingenue}.
I {je}.
young woman {jeune fille}.
cheek {joue}.
tongue {langue, French}.
mistress or brothel owner {Madame}.
miss {mademoiselle}.
master {maître}.
headwaiter or hotel manager {mâitre d'hotel}.
market gardener or truck farmer {maraîchèr}.
merchant {marchand}.
marquis {marquess} {marquis}.
marquis' wife {marquise, person}.
male massager {masseur}.
female massager {masseuse}.
group {menage}.
housewife {ménagère}.
mendicant {mendiant}.
misters {messieurs}.
miller's wife {meunière}.
prelate or prince {monseigneur}.
mister {monsieur}.
nun {nonne}.
Newly-rich and showing-off people {nouveau riche} can consume conspicuously and act socially like lower-class people.
eye {oeil}.
People {parvenu} can have just attained higher social class but not yet been accepted by others.
fisherman or about fish {pêcheur}.
lower middle class person {petit bourgeois}.
protected, or person protected and trained by master, or pupil or person with sponsor or mentor {protégé}.
queen {reine}.
nun {religieuse}.
king {roi}.
lecher {roué}.
sabotaging person {saboteur}.
blood {sang, French}.
fireman {sapeur}.
feudal lord {seigneur} {seignior}.
self {soi}.
wine waiter {sommelier}.
flirty woman {soubrette}.
caterer or delicatessen {traiteur}.
huntsman {veneur}.
virgin {vierge}.
you {vous}.
cashew nut {acajou}.
citrus fruit {agrume}.
garlic {ail}.
wild cranberry {airelle}.
almond {amande}.
pineapple {ananas}.
dill {aneth}.
anise or aniseed {anis}.
star anise or badiane {anise étoilé}.
peanut {arachide}.
artichoke {artichaut}.
asparagus {asperge}.
eggplant {aubergine, French}.
hazelnut or filbert {aveline}.
avocado {avocat, French}.
oat {avoine}.
star anise {badiane}.
berry or peppercorn {baie}.
banana {banane}.
basil {basilic}.
Swiss chard {bette}.
beet {betterave}.
wheat {blé}.
buckwheat {blé noir}.
Swiss chard {blette}.
stalk {branche}.
broccoli {brocoli}.
nectarine {brugnon}.
log {bûche}.
bush {buisson}.
cocoa or chocolate {cacao, French}.
coffee {café, French}.
cashew {cajou}.
herb tea {camomille}.
cinnamon {cannelle}.
caper {capre}.
nasturtium {capucine}.
cardamon {cardamome}.
carrot {carotte}.
caraway {carvi}.
black currant {cassis}.
celery {céleri}.
chervil {cerfeuil}.
cherry {cerise}.
black cherry {cerise noire}.
mushroom {champignon}.
oak {chêne}.
Belgian endive {chicons du nord}.
curly endive or chicory {chicorée}.
Belgian endive {chicorée de Bruxelles}.
cabbage {chou}.
brussels sprout {chou de Bruxelles}.
kale {chou de mer}.
Savoy cabbage {chou de Milan}.
kale {chou frisé}.
curly green Savoy cabbage {chou vert}.
cauliflower {chou-fleur}.
rutabaga {chou-navet}.
kohlrabi {chou-rave}.
spring onion or scallion {ciboule}.
chives {ciboulette}.
lemon {citron}.
lime {citron vert}.
lemon grass or lemon balm {mèlisse} {citronnelle}.
pumpkin or gourd {citrouille}.
spring onion {cive}.
small tangerine {clémentine}.
quince {coing}.
Rape mustard-plant seeds are for rapeseed oil {colza}.
cucumber {concombre}.
coriander {coriandre}.
gherkin or small pickle {cornichon}.
pod {cosse}.
pumpkin or gourd or squash {courge}.
zucchini {courgette}.
sea kale {crambe}.
watercress {cresson}.
sea algae {criste marine}.
turmeric {curcuma}.
date {datte}.
dandelion {dents-de-lion}.
shallot {echalote}.
Belgian endive or chicory green {endive, French}.
spelt {épeautre}.
spice {épice}.
spinach {épinard}.
highbush cranberry {épine vinette}.
bitter chicory-like green with thick and big leaves {escarole, French}.
tarragon {estragon}.
fennel {fenouil}.
leaf {feuille}.
bean {féve}.
fig {figue}.
flower {fleur}.
hay {foin}.
strawberry {fraise}.
raspberry {framboise}.
juniper berry {genièvere}.
gentian {gentiane}.
sorrel {germiny}.
ginger {gingembre}.
clove {girofle}.
clove or bean {gousse}.
grain or corn or seed {grain}.
cluster or bunch {grappe}.
pomegranate {grenade, French}.
red currant {groseille}.
bean {haricot, French}.
hyssop {hysope}.
yam {igname}.
persimmon {kaki}.
lettuce {laitue}.
bay laurel or bay leaf {laurier}.
vegetable {légume, French}.
lentils {lentilles}.
mace {macis}.
corn {maïs}.
mango {mangue}.
marjoram {marjolaine}.
mint {menthe}.
morel mushroom {morille}.
mustard {moutarde}.
blackberry {mûre}.
nutmeg {muscade}.
bilberry or blueberry {myrtille}.
turnip {navet}.
medlar or Japanese loquat {nèfle}.
hazelnut {noisette}.
nut or walnut {noix}.
onion {oignon}.
sorrel {oiselle}.
barley {orge}.
oregano {origan}.
nettle {ortie}.
sorrel {oseille}.
grapefruit {pamplemousse}.
parsnip {panais}.
watermelon {pastèque}.
poppy {pavot}.
pepper {pèbre}.
peach or fishing {pêche}.
seed {pépin}.
parsley {persil}.
petal or thin slice {pétale}.
pine nut {pignon}.
red pepper or pimento {piment}.
allspice {piment de Jamaïque}.
sweet pepper {piment doux}.
bitter salad green {pimpernelle}.
dandelion green {pissenlit}.
pistachio nut {pistache}.
thread or pistil {pistil, French}.
sprig {pluche}.
pear {poire}.
leek {poireau}.
pea {pois}.
chickpea {pois chiche}.
pepper {poivre}.
allspice {poivre de Jamaïque}.
black peppercorn {poivre gris}.
sweet pepper {poivron}.
apple {pomme}.
potato {pomme de terre}.
pumpkin or gourd {potimarron}.
pumpkin or gourd {potiron}.
sprout {pousse}.
plum {prune, French}.
prune {pruneau}.
radish {radis}.
horseradish {raifort}.
grape or raisin {raisin, French}.
currant {raisin de Corinthe}.
sultana raisin {raisin de Smyrne}.
raisin {raisin sec}.
rhubarb {rhuharbe}.
rice {riz}.
brown rice {riz complet}.
wild rice {riz sauvage}.
rosemary {romarin}.
bush {ronce}.
rocket or arugula {roquette}.
saffron {safran}.
savory {salée}.
salsify or oyster plant {salsifis}.
blood orange {sanguine, French}.
buckwheat {sarrasin}.
summer savory {sarriette}.
sage {sauge}.
rye {seigle}.
wild thyme {serpolet}.
sesame {sésame}.
soy bean {soja}.
bran {son, French}.
tea {thé}.
thyme {thym}.
linden tree {tilleul}.
tomato {tomate}.
Jerusalem artichoke {topinambour}.
sunflower {tournesol}.
radicchio {trévise}.
truffle {truffe}.
tulip {tulipe}.
vanilla {vanille}.
seaweed {varech}.
lemon verbena {verveine}.
vine {vigne}.
violet {violette}.
spinach {viroflay}.
west {abendlandes}.
disinclined or unused {abgeleitet}.
articles or contributions {abhandlungen}.
stub {abrisse}.
physicians {aerzte}.
general or common {allgemeine}.
as {als}.
high or old {alte}.
to {an, German}.
initial {anfangs}.
supply {angebot}.
applied {angewandte}.
People have sense of anxiety, dread, or anguish about having no control and facing life's vicissitudes {angst}.
assumption {annahme}.
annexation {anschluss}.
way {anweisung}.
applications {anwendung}.
work {arbeit}.
example {artige}.
in or at or to {auf, German}.
goodbye {auf Wiedersehen}.
structure or principle or formation {aufbau}.
task {aufgabe}.
concentration {aufmerksamkeit}.
recording or absorption {aufnahme}.
eye {augen}.
out of {aus}.
extension {ausdehnungs}.
triggered {ausgelöste}.
outer {äusseres}.
authority {autoritdt}.
volume {band, German}.
construction {bau}.
revised or adapted {bearbeitet}.
concept or idea {begriff}.
justification {begründent}.
reason or justification {begründung}.
by {bei}.
contribution {beitrag}.
observation {beobachtung}.
authority or permission {berechtigung}.
eloquence {beredsamkeit}.
scope or region {bereichs}.
bear {bern, German}.
account {berucksichtigung}.
possession {besitz}.
possessions {besitzes}.
special {besonder}.
particular or special {besondere}.
exists or has {besteht}.
vocation {bestimmung}.
visit {besuch}.
view or reflection {betrachtung}.
reliability {betrouwbaarheid}.
bed {bett}.
bed {bevaegelse}.
motion {bewegung}.
conscious {bewusste}.
relation {beziehung}.
picture {bild}.
images {bilder}.
formation {bildung}.
am {bin}.
to {bis, German}.
overwhelming assault {blitzkrieg}.
bare or pure {blossen}.
vestibular {bogengang}.
evil {böse}.
book {buch}.
nation or society {bünd}.
league {bündler}.
city {burg}.
course {cursus}.
woman {dame}.
mental state {dämmerzustand}.
spirit {dämon}.
representation {dargestellt}.
intestine {darm}.
the {das}.
on {dem, German}.
the {den, German}.
thinking or thought {denken}.
the {der}.
of the {des, German}.
German or nation {deutsch}.
interpretation or explanation {deutung}.
poetry {dichtung}.
the {die, German}.
service {dienste}.
side {diesseit}.
thing {ding}.
thou {du, German}.
through {durch}.
peculiar or particular or specific {eigenartigen}.
own {eigentum}.
a {einen}.
in {einer}.
knee-jerk {einfachsten}.
guide or introduction {einführung}.
intervention {eingriffen}.
unity {einheit}.
some {einige}.
introduction {einleitung}.
agreement {einstimmung}.
ego {einzige}.
sensation {empfinduge}.
last or previous {ende}.
narrow {engener}.
discovery {entdeckung}.
decidable {entscheidbare}.
creation or origin {entstehung}.
development or evolution {entwicklung}.
experience {erfahrung}.
supplement {ergänzung}.
results {ergebnisse}.
cognition or recognition {erkennungs}.
decree {erlass}.
earnest {ernst}.
fake {ersatz}.
adult {erwachse}.
expectation {erwartung}.
education {erziehung}.
id {es, German}.
event or method {fall}.
color {farben}.
fiber direction {faserverlauf}.
fine or subtle {feineren}.
field {feld}.
naughty {fesche}.
in {fester, German}.
fever {fieber}.
feeling {findung}.
flame {flamme}.
research {forschung}.
question {frage}.
wife {frau}.
miss {fraulein}.
freedom {frei}.
joy {freude}.
leader {führer} {fuehrer}.
for {für}.
foot {fuss}.
memory {gedächtnis}.
thoughts or reasonings {gedanken}.
feeling {gefühls}.
against {gegen}.
object {gegenstand}.
present or current {gegenwärtig}.
established or based {gegründet}.
secret {geheim}.
brain {gehirn}.
spirit {geist}.
community {gemeinschaft}.
warm-hearted {gemüth}.
smell {geruch}.
song {gesang}.
history {geschichte}.
genital or race {geschlechts}.
closed {geschlossene}.
taste {geschmack}.
society or institute {gesellschaft}.
face {gesicht}.
conversation {gespräche}.
growth {gewächse}.
growth {gewebe}.
certainty {gewissheit}.
community or common {gewone}.
belief {glaube}.
money {goldwährung}.
frontier or front or limit {grenz}.
great or large {grösse}.
general {grössen}.
basis {grund}.
foundation {grundlage}.
foundation {grundlegung}.
foundation {grundzüge}.
group {gruppen}.
good {gut}.
throat {hals}.
trade {handel}.
dictionary {handwörtenbuch}.
holy {heilige}.
medicine {heilkunde}.
-head {-heit}.
hero or soldier {held}.
forth or forwards {her}.
hearth or stove {herd}.
hearth or stove {herdflamme}.
mister {herr}.
ruling {herrschende}.
heart {herz}.
back or backwards {hin}.
testes {hoden}.
hope {hoffnung}.
hearing {hörens}.
I or ego {ich}.
his {ihr}.
her {ihre}.
their {ihren}.
in {im}.
content {inhalt}.
inner {inneres}.
within {innerhalb}.
in particular {insbesondere}.
year {jahre}.
anniversary {jahrestage}.
any {jeden}.
beyond {jenseits}.
young woman {jungfrau}.
casual social group {kaffeeklatch}.
caesar or emperor {kaiser}.
struggle {kampf}.
denied {keine}.
-hood or -ness {-keit}.
children {kinder}.
gossip {klatch}.
bone {knochen}.
king {könig}.
can {können}.
connection {konnexität}.
head {kopf}.
corn {korn}.
fields {körper, German}.
physique {körperbau}.
strength {kraft}.
ill or sick {krank}.
circle {kreis}.
culture {kultur}.
future {künftigen}.
art {kunst}.
artist or skilled worker {kunztler}.
position {lage}.
sounds {lanken}.
race or run {lauf}.
life {leben}.
living space {lebensraum}.
textbook {lehrbuch}.
theory or doctrine {lehre}.
apprenticeship {lehrjahre}.
body {leib, German}.
conduction or pipe {leitung}.
light {licht}.
love {liebe}.
lowest class {lumpen}.
make {mach}.
power {macht}.
painting {malerei}.
measure {mass, German}.
homage {mathis}.
my {meinem}.
master {meister}.
human {mengen}.
set {menschen}.
measurement {messen}.
anthrax {milzbrand}.
with {mit}.
modeling or shaping {modellierung}.
monograph {monatschrifte}.
to {nach}.
afterimage {nachbilder}.
night {nacht}.
nose {nasen}.
fog {nebel}.
new {neuer}.
if {ob}.
ear {ohr}.
plant {pflanz}.
practical {praktische}.
practice {praxis, German}.
examination or research {prüfung}.
attempted government overthrow {putsch}.
restaurant below street level {rathskeller}.
robber or thief {rauber}.
space {raum}.
law or right {recht}.
address or sermon {reden}.
empire {reich}.
reason or reasoning or logic {reine, German}.
journey {reise}.
rider {reiter}.
direction {richtung}.
skin or crust or cortex {rinde}.
rolling {rollung, German}.
novel {roman, German}.
Saxon {sächsische}.
song {sang, German}.
composition {satz}.
propositions {sätze}.
infants {säuglings}.
skull {schädel}.
assembly {schaft}.
sonic {schall}.
visible {schauens}.
joke or jest {scherz}.
fast {schnell}.
ski downhill {schuss}.
ski downhill {schwartz}.
mind or soul {seele}.
vision {sehen}.
being, or its {sein, German}.
his, her, or its {seine, German}.
since {seit}.
bless {selig}.
viewpoint {sicht}.
are or exist {sind}.
sense {sinnes}.
morals {sitten}.
ethical {sittliche}.
delineation {skizze}.
ought or should {sollen}.
mirror {spiegel}.
set speech {spiel}.
speech or language {sprache}.
ear for correct speech {sprachgefühl}.
linguistics {sprachwissenschaft}.
trace {spuren}.
voice {stimme}.
mood or feeling {stimmung}.
kinds or species {stoffen}.
noise {störung}.
stern or strict {streng}.
students {studirende}.
text {stufe}.
collection {summlung}.
syntax {syntaktische}.
scene {szenen}.
day or assembly or parliament {tag, German}.
touch {tast}.
book or tale {teil}.
animals {thiere}.
dream {träum}.
virtue {tugend}.
tower {turm}.
over or on {über}.
origin {übergang}.
exercises or tutorials {übungen}.
unconscious {unbewusste}.
and {und}.
immortality {unsterblichkeit}.
under {unter}.
decline {untergang}.
studies or examinations {untersuchungen}.
native or aborigine {urbewohner}.
judgment {urteil}.
forbidden {vaskischen}.
improvement {verbesserung}.
forbidden {verboten}.
digestion {verdauung}.
inheritance {vererbung}.
decay {verfall}.
meeting {vergadering}.
comparative {vergleichende}.
relationship {verhältnis}.
transfigured {verklarte}.
injured {verletzte}.
decrease {verminderung}.
using or via {vermittelst}.
systemic {vernetzten}.
reason {vernunft}.
function {verrichtung}.
various {verschiede}.
essay or experiment {versuch}.
related {verwandter}.
folk {volk}.
folk song {volkslied}.
complete {vollstandig}.
from the {vom, German}.
of or from {von, German}.
scene or process {vorgäng}.
events {vorgängen}.
lecture {vorlesung}.
pre-school {vorschule}.
presentation {vorstellung}.
preliminary study {vorstudie}.
lecture or talk {vorträge}.
growth {wachstum}.
truth {wahrheit}.
perception {wahrnehmung}.
probable {wahrscheinlich}.
security {währung}.
forest {wald}.
valkyries {walkure}.
change or difference {wandel}.
transformation {wandlung}.
were {waren}.
what {was}.
water {wasser}.
ways {wege}.
Christmas {weihnachtsgabe}.
Vienna {weiner}.
white {weis}.
some {welche}.
world {welt, German}.
worldview {weltanschauung}.
way or nature or essence {wesen}.
restoration {wiederaufbau}.
intention {wille}.
we {wir}.
becoming {wird}.
active or effective {wirksam}.
effectiveness {wirksamkeit}.
activity {wirkung}.
sciences {wissenschaften}.
wound {wund}.
surgery {wundartz}.
genius {wunderkind}.
numbers {zahlen}.
tests {zeigeversuch}.
time {zeit}.
age or cultural time {zeitalters}.
journal or magazine {zeitschrift}.
newspaper {zeitung}.
to {zu}.
together {zugleich}.
future {zukunft}.
its {zum}.
instrument {zuordnung}.
on {zur}.
addition {zusätze}.
instrument {zweck}.
path or branch {zweig}.
three {drei, German}.
one {ein}.
two {zwei, German}.
common people {demos}.
image or phantom {eidolon}.
I have found it {eureka}.
common people {hoi polloi}.
school {lyceum}.
cure-all {panacea}.
excess {plethora}.
mark {stigma, mark}.
goodbye or hello {aloha}.
festival {luau}.
woman {wahine}.
authority or supernatural powers in person or object {manna}.
concluding psalm word {selah}.
lowest angel {seraph} {seraphim}.
hello or goodbye {shalom} {shalom aleichem}.
ram's-horn trumpet {shofar}.
colonial-person title {sahib}.
avid fan {aficionado}.
child {bambino}.
bravado {braggadocio}.
excellently done {bravo}.
energy {brio}.
knowledgeable person {cognoscente}.
with love {con amore}.
with energy {con brio}.
sweetly {dolce}.
high-pitched {falsetto}.
performance last dance or song {finale, Italian}.
city area where minority group lives {ghetto}.
wall scrawls {graffiti}.
small cave or place like cave {grotto}.
show presenter {impresario}.
fire {inferno}.
insinuation {innuendo}.
small gift {lagniappe}.
well-read people {literati}.
master {maestro, Italian}.
magnificent {magnifico}.
honored priest {monsignor}.
manager or proprietor {padrone}.
small fault {peccadillo}.
plaza {piazza}.
composition first or main part {primo}.
provision {proviso}.
marketplace or theater district {rialto, Italian}.
harem {seraglio}.
mister {signor} {signore}.
mistress {signora}.
miss {signorina}.
sympathetic {simpatico}.
in undertone {sotto voce}.
slim {svelte}.
body trunk {torso}.
master {virtuoso}.
long live {viva, Italian}.
word of mouth {viva voce}.
reciprocity or interdependence in relationships {amae}.
Japanese for Ten Thousand Years! {banzai}.
family branch, as opposed to main line {bunke}.
samurai code {bushido}.
tea ceremony {chado}. Wa-kei-sei-jaku are the four tea-ceremony essentials: balance, respect, purity, and tranquility. Wabicha is tea-ceremony style.
punishment {choaku}.
discipline {do, Japanese}.
Learning involves: discipline, academics, and practice {do-gaku-jitsu}.
finding one's place as part of the whole {furyu}.
traditional instrumental music {gagaku}.
academics {gaku}.
professional artist and conversationalist {geisha}.
obligation or responsibility {giri}.
tension between obligation or responsibility and personal feelings or desires {giri-ningo}.
suicide {hara-kiri}.
one haiku poem {hokku}.
main family, as opposed to branch {honke}.
formal {honne}.
highest person, position, or location in traditional art {iemoto}.
arranging flowers {ikebana}.
yin as opposite of, but interacting with, yo {in, Japanese}.
practice {jitsu}.
change for good {kaizen}.
vertical scroll painting {kakemono}.
style of gardening compared to empty mountain or stream {kara-sansui}.
reward {kazen}.
Teaching methods {kazen-choaku} can use rewarding virtue and punishing vice.
heart {kokuro}.
nationalism {kokutai}.
space between two things {ma, Japanese}.
sincerity {makoto}.
emperor {mikado}.
matching worldly objects {mono awase}.
Consciousness of impermanence can cause feelings of nostalgia, beauty, and regret {mono no aware, Japanese}.
worldly-object imitation {monomane}.
absence {mu, Japanese}.
personal feelings or desires {ningo}.
front {omote}.
paper folding {origami}.
ancient, mellowed, deep, or simple {sabi}.
clean {seiketsu}.
tidy {seiri}.
standard {seiso}.
orderly {seiton}.
restrained {shibui}.
disciplined {shitsuke}.
calligraphy {shodo}.
painting in ink with brush {sumi-e}.
informal {tatemae, Japanese}.
alcove used to display object {tokonoma}.
back {ura}.
harmony or balance {wa}.
same as yang and opposite of, but interacting with, in, which is same as yin {yo}.
forced {a fortiori}.
from beginning {ab initio, Latin}.
expedient {ad hoc}.
forever {ad infinitum}.
meantime {ad interim}.
extemporaneous {ad lib}.
at cited location {ad loc.} {ad locum}.
over and over {ad nauseum}.
relevant {ad rem}.
by value {ad valorem}.
college {alma mater}.
alternate personality {alter ego}.
female graduate {alumna}.
male graduate {alumnus}.
disposition or animosity {animus}.
year after BC by Christian calendar {Anno Domini}.
before noon {ante meridian} (AM).
liqueur {aqua vitae}.
hail {ave}.
in good faith {bona fide}|.
seize the day {carpe diem}.
cause of war or dispute {casus belli}.
beware of, or warning {caveat, Latin}.
other things being equal {ceteris paribus}.
near time {circa}.
horn of plenty {cornucopia, horn} {horn of plenty}.
self-interest {cui bono}.
with {cum}.
with honor {cum laude}.
scholar's resume {curriculum vitae}.
in fact {de facto}|.
in accordance with law {de jure}|.
new {de novo}.
desirable thing {desideratum}.
one out of many {e pluribus unum}.
ejected matter {ejecta}.
retired with same title {emeritus}.
tribute {encomium}.
therefore {ergo}.
list of mistakes and their corrections {errata}.
error {erratum}.
and {et cetera}.
with authority based on institution {ex cathedra}.
from library of {ex libris}.
outside one's formal position {ex officio}.
Proceedings can have only one party present {ex parte}|. Ex parte means on one side only.
applying to time before publication {ex post facto, Latin}.
for example {exempli gratia}.
they exit {exeunt}.
bundle of rods {fasces}.
decree {fiat}.
end {finis}.
free {gratis}.
same {ibidem}.
same {idem}.
emperor {imperator}.
in absence {in abstentia}.
full-length {in extenso}.
in dire circumstances {in extremis}.
in memory {in memoriam}.
about {in re}.
against {in rem}.
in same place {in situ}.
all {in toto}.
in vacuum {in vacuo}.
in container {in vitro, Latin}.
in living thing {in vivo}.
among other things {inter alia}.
among themselves {inter se}.
bit {iota}.
by the fact of being itself {ipso facto}.
Person's citizenship is the same as his or her parent's citizenship {jus sanguinis}.
Birthplace determines person's citizenship {jus soli}.
physician or cleric substituting temporarily for another {locum tenens}|.
high honors {magna cum laude}.
great work {magnum opus}.
god-like dead spirits {manes}.
reminder of death {memento mori}.
wonderful to tell or wonders be told {mirabile dictu}.
method or style {modus operandi}.
way of living {modus vivendi}.
suspension {moratorium}.
necessary changes have already been made {mutatis mutandi}.
highest {ne plus ultra}.
connection or center {nexus, Latin}.
starting at future date unless condition changes or ends {nisi}.
incompetent mentally {non compos mentis}.
note well or N.B. {nota bene}.
incidental opinion {obiter dictum}.
aversion {odium}.
burden {onus}.
disapproval {opprobrium}.
best {optimum}.
work {opus}.
priest {padre, Latin}.
public place for athletic training {palaestra}.
at same rate or in equal steps {pari passu}.
frequently {passim}.
father {pater}.
male head of family {paterfamilias}.
prayer or Lord's Prayer {paternoster}.
peace {pax}.
household gods {penates}.
each year {per annum}.
each person {per capita}.
in contrast or on the contrary {per contra}.
each day {per diem}.
each month {per mensem}.
in itself {per se}.
public personality {persona}.
unacceptable person {persona non grata}.
Mary mourning the dead Jesus {pieta}.
bridge {pons, Latin}.
claiming that prior event caused later {post hoc, Latin}.
after noon {post meridian} (PM).
after death, or after project conclusion {post mortem}.
at first sight {prima facie}.
earliest ancestor {primogenitor}.
first among equals {primus inter pares}.
according to form {pro forma}.
prorated or proportionate {pro rata}.
temporary {pro tem} {pro tempore}.
resembling or almost {quasi, Latin}.
tit for tat {quid pro quo}.
rare bird or special case {rara avis}.
thing {re}.
things {res, Latin}.
deeds {res gestae}.
settled case {res judicata}.
public things such as state or public welfare {res publica}.
stiff body after death {rigor mortis}.
pouch or spherical region {sac}.
private or holy place {sanctum, Latin}.
holy of holies {sanctum sanctorum}.
without {sans, Latin}.
comment or note {scholium}.
iota {scintilla}.
always faithful {semper fidelis}.
thus {sic, Latin}.
thus everywhere {sic passim}.
resemblance {simulacrum}.
indefinitely {sine die}.
without which nothing or essential {sine qua non}.
alone {solus}.
current state {status quo}.
line or groove {stria, Latin}.
secret {sub rosa}.
unique {sui generis}.
able to make decisions {sui juris}.
highest {summa, Latin}.
highest honors {summa cum laude}.
greatest good {summum bonum}.
boredom {taedium vitae}.
land or Earth {terra firma}.
unknown land or new area for study {terra incognito}.
one of three equal rulers {triumvir}.
where mentioned above {ubi supra}.
final statement before party intends to take action {ultimatum}.
in previous month {ultimo, Latin}.
outside authority of institution {ultra vires}.
handy reference {vade mecum}.
word-for-word {verbatim}.
by way of, or using {via, Latin}.
conversely {vice versa}.
see {vide}.
that is or such as {videlicet}.
public opinion or voice of the people {vox populi}.
first man, or god or ancestor wooden or stone image {tiki}.
to your health {skoal}.
mister {senhor}.
mistress {senhora}.
miss {senhorita}.
bird excrement {guano}.
bureaucrat {apparatchik}.
yes {da, Russian}.
openness {glasnost}.
peasant {muzhik}.
no {nyet}.
restructuring {perestroika}.
Communist party executive committee {politburo}.
practical politics {realpolitik}.
comrade {tovarich}.
threesome {troika}.
caesar {tsar} {tzar}.
decree {ukase}.
female and male union {abhidhanottara}.
traditional doctrine {agama}.
non-violence or not killing or principle of no-harm {ahimsa, Sanskrit}.
aspect {akara}.
one undivided Essence or no time {akhanda}.
part {amsa, part}.
inference {anumana}.
exclusion {apoha}.
retreat {ashrama} {ashram}.
The four stages of correct life {ashramas} are brahmacharya, grihastha, vanaprastha, and sannyasa.
ignorance of true reality {avidya, Sanskrit}.
self-surrender or emotional devotion {bhakti, Sanskrit}.
meditation or "causing to become" {bhavana}.
enlightenment or awakening {bodhi, Sanskrit}.
aware {buddh}.
Buddha-meditation recollection {buddhanusmrti}.
perceiving and distinguishing intellect {buddhi}.
Mental factors {caitesika} {caittasika} can describe uses of, and emotions about, objects.
The twelve circles or centers of energy, in various body parts, have different consciousness types {cakras} {chakras} or wheels.
Sage can still live in the world to help his devotees {chiranjivi}.
crest-jewel {chudamani}.
mental factors or activities: buddhi, ahamkara, and manas {citta, Sanskrit}.
fate {daivam}.
school or system {darshana} {darsana}.
Concentrate consciousness on the One, absorb with deity, and feel oneness {dharana}.
meditation {dhyana, Sanskrit}.
concentration on one point {ekagrata}.
moment of time {ghatika}.
secret assembly {guhyasamaja}.
secret means {guptasadhana}.
tone {amsa, tone} {hamsa}.
divine will {iccha}.
"life" monads {jiva} are in people and things.
knowing {jna}.
ocean of knowledge {jnanarnava}.
non-theistic or non-devotional spirituality {jnani}.
integration, lost-faculty restoration, or isolation {kaivalya}.
time {kala, Hinduism}.
Time {kalpa} can have one Adi Sandhi, then 14 manvantaras and their Sandhi Kalas, and be one day (1000 mahayugas) or night in life of Brahma.
conceptuality or thought {kalpana}.
precious pleasure {kamaratna}.
action {karma, Sanskrit}.
compassion {karuna, Sanskrit}.
Kaula School of Shaktism {kaula} {kularnava}.
suffering, or impairing self-manifestation {klesa}.
black {krishna}.
coiled energy {kundalini}.
moments {lagna}.
ornaments or teachings {lamkara}.
Sri Lanka {Lankavatara}.
play or display {lila}.
light {loka, Sanskrit}.
great compassion {mahakaruna}.
great liberation {mahanirvana}.
great will, Buddha will, or determinative awareness {mahat}.
Loving-kindness meditation {maitribhavana}.
garland or necklace {mali}.
Mind recognizes sense activity and experience and becomes cognitive {manas}.
ring {mandala}.
holy and beautiful {manjusri}.
Magic formulas {mantra, Hinduism} repeat sounds and concentrate mind on gods. Icon contemplation concentrates mind on gods. Meditation and concentration try to identify human mind with, or allow possession by, God or truth.
death {mara}.
Way of knowledge or way of the monks {marga, Sanskrit} opposes ritual.
ideological book house {matrikabheda}.
law of the fishes {matsya-nyaya} or struggle for survival.
illusion or self-transformation or self-transmutation {maya, Sanskrit}. Spirits produce illusions, change forms, and perform magic.
foundation {mula}.
religious institution {mutt}.
selflessness or loss of belief that one has self {nairatmya}.
world of names and forms {namarupa}.
"neither thus nor thus" and so not sensual and not conceptual {neti neti, Hinduism}.
eye {netra}.
dark blue {nila}.
having no better {niruttara}.
bliss and end of all desire {nirvana, Sanskrit}.
perfection {paramita}.
basket {pitaka}.
fundamental material substance {pradhana}.
wisdom {prajna, Sanskrit}.
whole rebirth and release cycle {praktri, Hinduism}. Matter or nature evolves from within itself. At starts of cosmic eons, determinative awareness evolves, then ego evolves, and then mind evolves. These three constitute unconscious and inanimate Mind, which purusa animates into consciousness.
valid cognitive abilities: perception, inference, testimony, and analogy {pramana}.
universe life-spirit {prana, Hinduism}.
breath control {pranayama, Sanskrit}.
Sense numbing {pratyahara} involves focusing on interior and Self, rather than exterior world.
perception {pratyaksa}.
ecstatic love {prema}.
ghost {preta}.
ancient {purana, Sanskrit}.
selves with eternal inactive soul that animates inner Mind and transforms mental activity into conscious experience {purusa, Hinduism}.
previous {purva}.
aesthetics {rasa}.
praise {rig, Sanskrit}.
awareness {rigpa}.
People can have received Vedas {rishi}.
aspect assertion {sakaravada}.
balance or equality or sameness {sama, Sanskrit}.
merging of mind with Brahman {samadhi, Sanskrit}.
quiescence or quiet attention to something {samatha}.
Veda section {samhita}.
greatly bewildering {sammohana}.
awareness of attention to something {samprajanya}.
eternal birth and death round {samsara, Sanskrit}. Perception or attention is knowledge of differentiation. The pure consciousness of God constantly manifests individual selves and objects of ordinary world, as both efficient and material cause.
rain {samvarodaya}.
complete renunciation {sannyasa}.
being or existence {sat, Sanskrit}.
truth {satya, Hinduism}.
clarity or luminousness {selwa}.
rules {shastha}.
education or knowledge, usually used as suffix {shastra}.
tricks or skills {siddhi, Sanskrit}.
mindfulness, awareness, or attention to something {smrti}.
fortune {sri}.
alter {sulba}.
Void {sunyata, Sanskrit}.
short and unambiguous statement or aphorism or teachings {sutra}.
teachings or discourses {sutta}.
spontaneous {svacchanda}.
In Hinduism, tantras {tantra, Sanskrit} are rituals and ideas, supposedly that Shiva gave to people. The One projects in two ways, as Shiva and Sakti, active male and passive female principles. Female is projected energy of male.
meditation {tantraraja}.
psychic energy or spiritual fervor {tapas, Sanskrit}.
self-inflicted act of suffering during tapas {tapasya}.
"That art Thou" {tat tuam asi}.
Communities have a group mind {tatemae, Sanskrit}, animated by consensus. Group mind takes precedence over individual mind. Minds must submit to gods' influences and interventions.
principles {tattva}.
instruction {upadesa}.
teaching of guru to disciple {upanishad, Sanskrit}.
equanimity {upeksa}.
striking thunderbolt {vajrapatala}.
female thunderbolt {vajrayogini}.
auspicious {varnada}.
Tantric Buddhism has wind meditations {vayu}. Tibetan Buddhism wind meditation {tummo} {gtum mo} makes body heat.
knowledge {veda}.
seed {vijayottara}.
In Hinduism, highest state of consciousness {vijnana, Sanskrit} means plenitude-of-knowledge.
precise guitar {vinashikha}.
insight or meditation for insight {vipasyana}.
discriminative insight into true Self {viveka}.
sacrifice rituals {yagu}.
asceticism {yama, Sanskrit}.
womb or divine passage {yoni}.
"I-maker" or ego {ahamkara}.
The unconscious and inanimate inner organ or Mind is constantly changing, moving, and being moved, in ordinary world of action and experience {antahkarana}.
self or inner self {atman, Sanskrit}.
self {svaya}.
titan {asura}.
god {deva}.
celestial musician {gandharva}.
Lord {isvara}.
goblin {kumbhanda}.
water god {naga}.
giant monster {raksasa}.
Dravidian fertility gods {yaksas}.
First area of life {artha} is material possessions, means of getting them, and needs and desires for them. Artha knowledge allows prosperity and survival against world dangers. Kings especially need artha.
Arthasastra is Scriptural Texts of government. Arthasastra involves negotiation, aggression, bribery, treason, distrust, trickery, neglect, and proper tactics. Mandala of friends and enemies is an arthasastra principle. Enemies surround people. Around enemies is circle of friends. Enemies surround circle of friends, and so on. Circles keep everything in balance.
The third area of human life {dharma, Sanskrit} is religious and moral duties. People can assimilate into society by playing their roles perfectly, without personality. People can follow laws exactly, with no choices to make. Social order depends on people performing their duties and roles. In this way, people can follow universal law and so gain virtue. People can live their lives as service to the One. People must do crafts in traditional ways. Crafts have gods. First books about dharma described Vedic-school social, ritual, and religious practices.
Desire {kama} is second area of life. Kama is about pleasure and love.
Release {moksa, Hinduism} is the fourth area of human life. Moksa includes apavarga or completion, nivrtti or repose and passivity, and nirvrtti or bliss. Moksa is about redemption and spiritual release, which is life's final and ultimate aim. The first three areas of life are pursuits of the world. Moksa is release from world. Knowing or being conscious is knowledge of unified and true world.
matter qualities {guna}.
Guna {rajas, gunas} can be passion and change.
Guna {sattva, Sanskrit} can be truth and goodness.
Guna {tamas} can be inertia.
fourth or steady or unmoving {atharva}.
five {pancha} {panca}.
seven {sapta}.
student {brahmacharya}.
sage {charya}.
householder {grihastha}.
Originally, people {guru, Sanskrit} taught Vedas. Now, teacher guides people in life. Pupils are obedient and reverent. They want to learn, never criticize, serve teacher, and have faith in teacher and his teaching. Gurus live their lives as models of Hindu philosophy. Compassion caused gurus to descend from enlightened state to illusory world to help others know true reality. Buddhism rejected the idea of gurus, in favor of personal reasoning.
king or prince {maharaja} {maharajah}.
first man {manu, Sanskrit}.
love or mother {matri}.
ruler or prince {raja} {rajah}.
princess or queen {rani} {ranee}.
holy sage {risi}.
Hindu ascetic or monk {sadhu}.
master {sambhara}.
forest dweller {vanaprastha}.
female yogi {yogini}.
priest {brahmin, Sanskrit}.
noble {ksatriya, Sanskrit} {khathruja, Sanskrit}.
saint or sage {mahatma, Sanskrit}.
person with no caste {harajan, Sanskrit} {pariah, Sanskrit} {outcast, India}, whom no one should touch {untouchable, India}.
worker {sudra, Sanskrit}.
merchant {vaisya, Sanskrit}.
fond memories {auld lang syne}.
to {a, Spanish}.
come in {adelante}.
now {ahora}.
there {allí}.
before {antes}.
here {aquí}.
how {como}.
with {con, Spanish}.
think or believe {creo}.
when {cuando}.
how much {cuanto}.
of or from {de, Spanish} {del, Spanish}.
it's nothing {de nada}.
tell {decirme}.
since {desde}.
want {desea}.
slowly {despacio}.
after {después}.
excuse me {disculpe}.
where {donde}.
the {el}.
push {empuje}.
understand {entiende}.
wrong {equivocado}.
is {es, Spanish} {este}.
thanks {gracias}.
yell {grito, yell}.
like {gusta}.
speak {habla}.
ago {hace}.
make {hacer}.
pull {halar}.
until {hasta}.
beauty {hermosura}.
hello {hola}.
today {hoy}.
the {la, Spanish}.
the {las}.
is called {llamo}.
the {los}.
later {luego}.
tomorrow {mañana}.
same or self {mismo}.
show {mostrarme}.
very {muy}.
need {necesito}.
or {o, Spanish}.
pull {pale, Spanish}.
for {para}.
happen {pasa}.
open {pase}.
for {por, Spanish}.
please {por favor}.
you're welcome or it's nothing {por nada}.
why {porque}.
can {puede}.
what {que}.
who {quién}.
want {quisiera}.
know {sé, Spanish}.
yes or so {si}.
without {sin, Spanish}.
only {solamente}.
have {tengo}.
have {tiene}.
a {un, Spanish} {una}.
let's go {vamos}.
and {y}.
open {abierto}.
cheap {barato}.
well {bene}.
well {bien}.
white {blanco}.
beautiful {bonito, Spanish}.
good {bueno}.
hot {caliente}.
warm {calor}.
tired {cansado}.
carmine red {carmen}.
expensive {caro}.
closed {cerrado}.
happy or merry {feliz}.
ugly {feo}.
cold {frio}.
large {grande}.
hungry {hambre}.
interested {interesa}.
free or available {libre}.
clean {limpio}.
full {lleno}.
light {luce}.
bad {malo, Spanish}.
more {más}.
best or better {mejor}.
less {menos}.
my {mi}.
much or many {mucho}.
black {negro}.
our {nuestro}.
new {nuevo}.
occupied or not available {ocupado}.
other {otro}.
worst or worse {peor}.
small {pequeño}.
lost or forgotten {perdida}.
spicy hot {picosa}.
few {poco, Spanish}.
first {primero}.
right or correct or reasonable {razón}.
royal {real, Spanish}.
red or raw or rare {rojo}.
thirsty {sed}.
sure or secure {seguro}.
alone {solo}.
your {su, Spanish}.
dirty {sucio}.
late {tarde}.
early {temprano}.
last {ultimo, Spanish}.
empty or available {vacio}.
green {yerba}.
action {acción}.
oil {aceite}.
goodbye {adios}.
water {agua}.
eagle {águila}.
village or town {aldea}.
friend {amigo}.
love {amore}.
year {año}.
dawn {aurora, Spanish}.
help {ayuda}.
sugar {azucar, Spanish}.
toilet or bathroom {baño}.
baby {bebe}.
drink {beber}.
kiss {bésame}.
honor {blasón}.
rake or cad {burlador}.
quest {busca}.
cowboy {caballero}.
coffee {café, Spanish}.
highway {camino}.
song {cancion}.
song {cantar}.
dinner or supper {cena}.
beer {cerveza}.
dog {chien}.
heaven {cielo}.
cook {cocido}.
lunch {comida}.
stone {convidado}.
room {cuarto}.
spoon {cuchara}.
knife {cuchillo}.
cockroach {cucuracha}.
bill or check {cuenta}.
tale or story {cuento}.
city {cuidad}.
cradle {cuna}.
woman {dama}.
breakfast {desayuno}.
day or morning {días}.
feelings {dime}.
sir {don}.
madame {doña}.
mademoiselle {donna}.
female chaperon {duenna}.
entrance {entrada}.
writer {escritor}.
Spanish {español}.
stranger {extraño}.
woman {femenina}.
festival {fiesta}.
flower {flore}.
well {fuente}.
force or power {fuerza}.
English-speaking person {gringo}.
irregular soldier {guerilla}.
main house of estate {hacienda}.
brother {hermano}.
ice {hielo}.
plant {hierba}.
man {hombre}.
time or hour {hora, Spanish}.
manger {hortelano}.
smoke {humo}.
soap {jabón}.
milk {leche}.
legend {leyenda}.
book {libro}.
key {llave}.
struggle {lucha}.
mother {madre}.
teacher {maestro, Spanish}.
butter {mantequilla}.
maid of honor or lady in waiting {menina}.
market {mercado}.
waiter {mesero}.
minute or moment {momento}.
world {mundo}.
nothing {nada}.
birth or Christmas {navidad}.
girl {niña}.
boy {niño}.
children {niños}.
night or evening {noches}.
name {nombre}.
ear {oreja}.
sheep {ovejuna}.
father {padre, Spanish}.
country {país}.
bread {pan, Spanish}.
stop or station {parada}.
paradise {paraiso}.
crossing {paso}.
quarry {pedrera}.
pardon {perdón}.
fish {pescado}.
corner {pico}.
stone {piedra}.
pepper {pimienta}.
beach {playa}.
chicken {pollo, animal}.
price {precio}.
fitting room {probadores}.
pork {puerco}.
gate or door {puerto}.
queen {reina}.
beef {res, Spanish}.
king {reyes}.
salt {sal, Spanish}.
exit {salida}.
cheers {salud}.
mister {señor}.
mistress {señora}.
miss {señorita}.
napkin {servilleta}.
meaning {significa}.
destiny or fate {sino}.
Mexican straw or felt hat with wide brim {sombrero}.
vision or imagining {sueño}.
afternoon {tardes}.
card {tarjeta}.
tea {té, Spanish}.
theme {tema}.
fork {tenedor}.
textbook {textura}.
time {tiempo}.
towel {toalla}.
all {todo}.
work {trabajo}.
you {usted}.
cowboy {vaquero}.
glass {vaso}.
fan {ventilador}.
life {vida}.
wine {vino}.
widow {viuda}.
Sunday {Domingo}.
Thursday {Jueves}.
Monday {Lunes}.
Tuesday {Martes}.
Wednesday {Miércoles}.
Saturday {Sábado}.
Friday {Viernes}.
zero {cero}.
hundred {cien} {ciento}.
five {cinco}.
four {cuatro, Spanish}.
ten {diez}.
twelve {doce}.
two {dos, Spanish}.
thousand {mil}.
million {millón}.
nine {nueve}.
eight {ocho}.
eleven {once}.
six {seis}.
seven {siete}.
three {tres, Spanish}.
one {uno}.
twenty {veinte}.
humane {ubuntu}.
freedom {uhuru}.
blueberry {blåbär}.
raspberry {hallon}.
buffet {smorgasbord}.
jam {sylt}.
fainted {bayaldi}.
sir {effendi}.
political leader {emir}.
religious leader {imam, Turkish}.
ruler {khan}.
officer {pasha}.
Vietnamese alphabetical order {Vietnamese alphabet} is a acup â b c d d-with-line-through-middle e ê g h i k l m n o oö o' p q r s t u u' v x y. Vowels are a acup â e ê i o ô o' u u' y. Consonants are b c d d-with-line-through-middle g h k l m n p q r s t v x. Diphthongs and triphthongs are ch gh gi kh ng ngh nh ph qu th tr. French Jesuit missionaries developed it, and it became common when Vietnam became a French colony [1864].
Vietnamese came from Cambodian and Mon (Thailand) languages, or from Lao and Thai languages, and has 70 million speakers.
friend {ba.n, Vietnamese}.
ball {bóng, Vietnamese}.
fish {cá, Vietnamese}.
market {cho'.}.
temple Buddhist/pagoda {chùa}.
show/performance/game/exhibition {cuô.c}.
wedding {cu'o'i}.
oriental medicine {d-with-line-through-middle ông ý}.
surname {ho., Vietnamese}.
flower {hoa, Vietnamese}.
beauty contest {hoa haô.u}.
no {không}.
orchid {lan}.
ceremony/festival/holiday/group {lê hô.i}.
mother {me., Vietnamese}.
nail/claw/hoof {móng}.
1/a/an/each {mô.t, Vietnamese}.
male person {nam}.
year {nåm}.
bank {ngaôn hàng}.
woman/female people {nu'}.
lotus {sen}.
monk Buddhist {su', Vietnamese}.
lunar new year festival {tê't}.
hair {tóc}.
buffalo/water buffalo {trâu}.
business/affairs/job/incident {viê.c}.
stupid error-prone person {schlemiel}.
maudlin art or music {schmaltz}.
stupid obnoxious person {schmo} {schmoe}.
dupe {schnook}.
Sumerian linguists started language study.
Mycenaeans introduced Linear B writing after they conquered Crete. In Linear B writing, symbols are syllables with one consonant and one vowel.
Linguistics includes grammar, language families, language origins, phonetics, and semantics.
He lived 1845 to 1912.
He lived 1866 to 1936.
He lived 1912 to 2000. Synonyms in different contexts are different idea instances {tagmeme} {tagmemics}. Behavior description can be for actor or inside {emic}. Behavior description can be for observer or outside {etic}. He invented a language {Kalaba-X constructed language}.
She lived 1921 to 1994. She invented Kurgan hypothesis [1956].
He lived 1916 to 2001 and classified world languages [1963] into four families: Niger-Kordofanian, Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, and Khoisan. People came to Americas from Asia in three separate waves with different languages {Greenberg Theory}: Amerind, Eskimo-Aleut, and Na-Dene.
He lived 1887 to 1891.
Beatrix lived 1933 to 1995. After four years of training, the chimpanzee Washoe acquired over 100 signs of American Sign Language. It heard no other language. Some signs were for general classes, rather than specific objects and events. Some signs changed or extended. Washoe used sign order and substituted signs with similar meanings or shapes. However, no primates developed signing themselves. Humans had to teach them. Humans cued chimpanzees to make signs, and chimpanzees signed to get rewards. Chimpanzees signed to each other socially but not for rewards.
She lived 1947 to ?. The gorilla Koko acquired over 250 signs of American Sign Language and learned spoken English comprehension.
The chimpanzee Nim Chimsky acquired over 125 simplified American-Sign-Language signs.
He lived -520 to -460 and wrote Sanskrit grammar that had phonetic system and word analysis.
Stoic linguists studied logic, rhetoric, etymology, language origins, and relations among nouns, verbs, and articles.
He wrote about Patanjali Yoga or Raja Yoga or Ashtanga Yoga, one of the Six Schools, Shad-Darsananas, or Classical Systems of Philosophy. Raja Yoga is meditation. Hiranyagarbha started Raja Yoga.
Bhakti Yoga is devotions, prayers, rituals, and worship. Jnana Yoga is using reason to become free of seeing differences. Karma Yoga is service to others.
He lived -200 to -140. He was in Aindra grammarian school and lived in northwest India.
He lived -170 to -90, was Stoic, and wrote comprehensive grammar.
He lived -116 to -27.
He lived 100 to 200 and wrote about Greek syntax, starting systematic grammar study.
He taught St. Jerome.
He was Greek and from Caesarea (Cherchell, Algeria).
He lived 760 to 793.
Twelve schools of grammatical theory developed, using phonetic systems and word analysis.
He lived 973 to 1048, wrote grammar, and calculated latitude and longitude. He measured land in three dimensions {geodesy} {geodetics}.
Lancelot lived 1616 to 1695. Arnauld lived 1612 to 1694.
He lived 1767 to 1835, wrote about ethics, and studied language types. The three structural-language types differ in morphology and syntax. Sanskrit is syntactically more complex than modern languages.
Politics
States should ensure property and lives.
All sound changes follow rules, so certain phonetic laws are absolute. It included Karl Verner, Berthold Delbrück, August Leskien, Hermann Paul, Hermann Osthoff, Karl Brugmann, Eduard Sievers, and Wilhelm Braune.
He lived 1860 to 1948 and wrote about syntax.
He lived 1860 to 1943 and developed categorical grammar. Specific factors, such as maximum vocal-tract-constriction location, determine speech-sound articulation. Constriction completely closes for consonants like /p/. Nasal passage opens for consonants like /m/. Voicing onset time is immediate for /b/ but delayed for /p/.
He lived 1890 to 1960 and developed prosodic analysis.
He lived 1887 to 1949 and was main developer of immediate constituent grammar and constituent structure.
He lived 1890 to 1963, helped develop immediate constituent grammar, and was analytic philosopher. The same data can have more than one closed and coherent independent description {conventionalism} {radical conventionalism}, from which people can choose based on simplicity, aesthetics, usefulness, ease, or evidence. Two basic syntax categories are sentences and singular terms, which can combine.
He lived 1899 to 1965 and developed categorical grammar.
He lived 1916 to 2001, was Bloomfield's student, and worked on transformational grammar.
He lived 1919 to ?.
He lived 1887 to 1967 and studied grammar.
He lived 1915 to 1975 and helped develop immediate constituent grammar.
He lived 1909 to 1992 and developed transformational grammar.
He lived 1916 to 2006 and helped develop transformational grammar {applicative-generative grammar}.
He lived 1923 to ?, was member of Prague School, and studied phoneme distinctive features.
He lived 1896 to 1982, was member of Prague School, and studied phoneme distinctive features.
He lived 1928 to ?, studied unconscious and innate language structures, and developed transformational grammar to explain how brain makes language structures. Newborn brain has innate linguistic rules {universal grammar, Chomsky}. Learning a particular language, which has words, sets limited-range linguistic parameters. Expressed language {E-language} depends on internal language {I-language}. Grammars assign structures {logical form} to sentences. Grammars can generate just language sentences {observationally adequate grammar}, give some structure to all sentences {descriptively adequate grammar}, or give structure used by speakers to all sentences {explanatorily adequate grammar}.
He lived 1922 to ? and helped develop immediate constituent grammar.
He lived 1894 to 1979.
He lived 1935 to ?. Putnam and Chomsky influenced him. He developed projection rules to try to formalize semantics and model semantic relations by syntax {proof theory, Fodor}. Brains think using symbol system with syntax and semantics {language of thought, Fodor} {mentalese, Fodor}.
However, mental language must also have meaning and syntax. If mental language is meaningful, then regular language is meaningful, so why have mental language.
He lived 1946 to ? and studied grammar.
Animal calls and signs are structural wholes and have no component parts. Hawaiian immigrants spoke pidgin, and their children spoke creole. Creoles all over world are mostly similar to each other, possibly indicating universal grammar, which has same default settings for creole and young children.
In first writing system {pre-cuneiform}, styluses indented clay.
Reed pens drew pictures that represented words or sounds on clay tablets {cuneiform writing}, to record trade and taxes. Pre-cuneiform developed into a system with 200 to 300 simplified sideways pictures.
Egyptian mdju netjer or words of the gods {hieroglyph, script} {hieroglyphics, script} {hieroglyphic script} developed as idealized or sketched picture ideograms, referring to animal characteristics and human gestures. Hieroglyphs face rightward in columns, to read down, or lines, to read right to left. Greeks called it hiera grammata (sacred letters) or ta hieroglyphica (sacred carved letters). Book of the Dead used cursive hieroglyphic script.
Hieroglyphs {phonogram, sound} can stand for sounds.
Phonogram series rebuses can be for concepts, opinions, beliefs, commands, requests, and logical relations. Rebuses can have extra end signs {determinative, rebus} to indicate rebus-series subject.
Cursive script {hieratic script} derived from cursive hieroglyphic script. After -600, it was only for religious documents, because demonic script replaced it.
Cuneiform writing came from Sumer.
Cursive script {demotic script} derived from hieratic script. Rosetta Stone has demotic, hieroglyphic, and Greek.
When Ptolemies ruled, script {Coptic script} was like Greek alphabet.
He lived 1809 to 1852. He invented a printing and writing system using six dots, in two vertical lines of three raised dots each, to represent 63 characters and allow blind people to read by touch {Braille} [1821 to 1829].
He lived 1895 to 1980 and invented sound recorder {sonograph} [1945].
Languages began, or at least became significant, 70,000 to 60,000 years ago.
African and Eurasian languages diverged 70,000 to 50,000 years ago.
Southeast Asian and Eurasian languages diverged 60,000 to 40,000 years ago.
Perhaps, Chinese, Navajo, Basque, Etruscan, and some Caucasian-Mountain languages had a common ancestor {Na-Dene language}, 15000 years ago.
Perhaps, Uralic, Altaic, and Indo-European languages had a common ancestor {Nostratic language}, 15000 years ago. Uralic was in northeast Europe. Altaic was in central Asia. Indo-European was in Anatolia, Turkey.
Languages {Proto-Indo-European language} began in central-Asia steppes among Kurgan horsemen, possibly from Nostratic and/or Na-Dene languages, 10000 to 8500 years ago.
First Samara and Seroglazovo cultures, then Dnieper-Donets and Sredny Stog cultures of Scythians near lower Volga River to Dnieper River, in central Asia steppe at Urheimat, rode horses and had Proto-Indo-European language [-4500 to -4000]. From them developed Kurgan people [-5000 to -3000], who built kurg burial mounds and spread Proto-Indo-European language from southwest Russia {Kurgan hypothesis}, making Kurgan I, Kurgan II, and then Kurgan III. Maykop culture is in north Caucasus [-4000 to -2500]. Kurgan IV or Yamna culture is in steppe [-4000 to -2500]. Globular Amphora culture began in east Europe [-2500]. Proto-Greeks went to Balkans [-2500]. Proto-Persians went there [-2500].
First Chinese written characters were 7500 to 7000 years ago, along Yellow River.
Languages {Sumerian language} began 7000 years ago. Sumerian is a separate language family. Akkadian belongs to Afro-Asiatic languages.
Indo-European language began among farmers in Anatolia, Turkey, 6000 to 5000 years ago, possibly from Nostratic and/or Na-Dene.
Languages {Sanskrit language} began 4000 years ago in Pakistan.
He lived 1785 to 1863. As language develops, sound usage shifts according to rules {Grimm's Law} [1822], accounting for sound pairing among languages.
He lived 1846 to 1896. In all languages, sound changes follow same rules {Verner's Law} [1875].
He lived 1881 to 1967 and invented International Phonetic Alphabet. Cardinal vowels have different articulation places, such as tongue height, mouth front or back, and rounded or unrounded lips.
He lived 1890 to 1938 and studied phonemes.
He lived 560 to 636 and translated.
Realist and Nominalist philosophers studied word and object relations, object classes, and human mind.
He lived 1746 to 1794 and related Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin by describing similarities among words [1786].
Expressive aspects of language are dominant.
He lived 1832 to 1915. Metaphors are common.
He lived 1816 to 1889. Event and relation communications differ in meaning and grammar. Relation communications nest and invert phrases. Event communications can use word sequences in event order, with no transformations.
He lived 1884 to 1939. Language affects thinking {Sapir-Whorf hypothesis} [1929].
He lived 1882 to 1945, was of Vienna Circle of Logical Positivism, and led Unity of Science Movement. Movement tried to unite sciences through characteristic actions.
Epistemology
People can have knowledge through subjective and historic means. Sentence meaning is the publicly accessible outcome {outcome, meaning} of publicly accessible procedures. Group beliefs establish outcomes and procedures, even in science. Cognitive and scientific meaning requires that sentence be expressible in logical language. People have constructed subjects of discourse without foundations, like boats {Neurath's boat} built while at sea.
He lived 1893 to 1979. He developed Basic English with C. K. Ogden. Metaphor has actual topic, analogy to that topic, something in common between the topics, and reason for using analogy.
He lived 1889 to 1957 and studied semantics.
He lived 1879 to 1950 and developed General Semantics, with Hayakawa.
He lived 1909 to 1988. Models and metaphors are similar in purpose and use. Different people interpret metaphors in different ways {interaction theory}.
He lived 1906 to 1992 and helped develop semantics {General Semantics}, with Korzybski.
He lived 1901 to 1979 and studied theory of signs {semiotics}, which has semantics, pragmatics, and syntactics.
He lived 1897 to 1941. Language affects thinking {Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, Whorf} [1940].
He lived 1857 to 1913 and founded modern structural linguistics {structuralism, linguistics} {structural linguistics}.
Phonemes marks usage differences in sound or symbol systems. Phonemes are not physical, separate, independent elements.
Word values are functions of exchangeable and non-exchangeable words {substitution, word} {word substitution}. Word connections provide word meanings, so word meaning depends on all word values. Speaker and listener vocabularies must be identical to convey full meaning in communication.
He lived 1901 to 1978.
He lived 1913 to 1988. Speaker meaning is what speaker intended to make happen to audience using words {conversation implicature}. Intention is to modify audience beliefs or behavior, and audience knows intention {reflexive intention}. Meaning is about speaker and hearer mental state. Speaker meaning is first and determining, above word or sentence meaning. Speaker meaning, linguistic meaning, or semantics follows from thoughts. Actual usage does not necessarily reflect thought. Speaker meaning and word meaning can differ.
He lived 1932 to 2002 and developed projection rules to try to formalize semantics.
He lived 1905 to ? and was logical empiricist.
Description is result of physical laws.
Explanation and prediction differ only in time, because facts are deducible from other facts and at least one law {covering-law model} {deductive-nomological model}.
Sentence meaning is the publicly accessible outcome of publicly accessible procedures. Group beliefs establish outcomes and procedures, even in science. Cognitive and scientific meaning requires that sentence be expressible in logical language.
Psychology can treat internal states of people like black boxes, only checking stimuli and responses {methodological behaviorism}.
Induction can lead to statements but can also lead to statement contrapositives. Contrapositive statements are general, while statements are specific. Evidence for contrapositive statement cannot support statement. For example, "All ravens are black" is logically the same as its contrapositive, "All not black things are not ravens", and both have support from each raven observation {paradox of the ravens, Hempel} {ravens paradox, Hempel}.
Physical and material world concepts always change as people acquire new knowledge, so physicalism and functionalism are not static concepts {Hempel's dilemma}.
He lived 1940 to ?.
Statements can be true and cannot be false {necessary truth, Kripke}, like arithmetical equalities. Statements can be true, though possible to be false {contingent truth}, like historical facts. Some necessary truths are not a priori, because people can learn identities later.
Terms, such as person names or natural substances {natural kind, Kripke}, can always mean same thing in physical and all other worlds {rigid designator, Kripke}. Terms {non-rigid designator}, such as variables or descriptions, can allow different possible values in physical and/or all other worlds. People can use rigid designators to refer to same things to which previous persons referred {causal theory of reference, Kripke}.
However, time can change references.
Necessary identities involve two rigid designators, and contingent identities involve at least one non-rigid designator. Identity theories of mental state and physical state are either necessary identities or one term is non-rigid. They cannot be necessary, because people can imagine mental state, like pain, without physical state. They do not have non-rigid terms, because mental-state instance is essence, not property, and physical state specifies atom positions and motions.
Proper names are always about same object. Proper names can be about people about whom people know nothing more and so have no sense, only reference. Proper names of people about whom people know something else have sense and reference.
People can conceive of matter and consciousness as separate being, so they are both possible, and so must be different, not just different names for same thing or different levels in hierarchy of knowledge or being, because one is objective and one subjective. Mental states, representing ideas, cause linguistic responses, which report mental state using signs. Response pattern depends on similarity or relation, represented by mental state, which people do not necessarily consciously know. Because mental states vary widely, natural occurrences have incompatible expressions.
People think and speak based on social word usage {anti-individualism}. Meaning is normative, as language communities make rules, and relates to individual dispositions. Perception is also necessary for communication about objects.
People can have a priori knowledge of contingent things {mind, Kripke} and empirical knowledge of necessary truths {essence, Kripke}.
He developed projection rules to try to formalize semantics.
He studied naming.
He lived 1941 to ?.
Language and other social conventions developed unconsciously, not by agreement, to coordinate behavior. First, unstructured unrelated signals expressed intention. Later, signals gained structure. Then simple intentions used conventional form. Finally, sentences used these elements. Complex-expression meanings are functions of component meanings.
Epistemology
Roles in causing organism physical behaviors define mental concepts, states, events, and processes {causal theory of mental concepts}.
Effects depend on their causes, so if there are no such causes, there are no such effects {counterfactual dependence}.
Propositions are about possible worlds and cannot be about impossible worlds.
Properties are about possible subjects of propositions, which can be individual or category sets.
Metaphysics
Reality is local physics, which makes everything else. Quantum mechanically possible worlds are actually real {modal realism, Lewis} and are separate in time and space.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225