Bar members and court officers {attorney-at-law} can give legal advice and act in courts.
Authorized people {attorney-in-fact} can act for other people.
lawyer {counsel, lawyer} {counselor, lawyer}| {lawyer}. Professional lawyers have a Juris Doctor (Doctor of Law) J.D. degree. Honorary lawyers have a Legum Doctor (Doctor of Laws) LL.D. degree. Academic lawyers have a Scientiae Juridicae Doctor (Doctor of Judicial Science) S.J.D. degree.
People can pay fees {retainer, lawyer} to lawyers for services.
Trials have accused persons {defendant}|. In trials, defendants give all facts to their lawyers. They try to be groomed, sincere, honest, and straightforward. They do not talk to others about case, unless their lawyers are present. They have nothing to do, unless strategy is for them to take witness stand and answer questions.
defense
Defendants in civil cases try to prove no action or no damages or injuries. Defendants in criminal cases try to prove no crime or no involvement in crime. If defendants are guilty in criminal cases, defenses try to prove that defendants were not responsible for actions. If defendants are guilty in civil cases, defenses try to prove that plaintiffs were negligent. Ignorance of law is a defense.
rights
People have right to trial by jury and to confront witnesses. People have right not to incriminate themselves. Guilty pleas waive both rights.
Lawyers {defense} can be for accused persons.
Trials have persons {plaintiff}| with complaints. In English or American trials, burden of proof is on plaintiff. Plaintiffs in civil cases try to prove damages or injuries.
States or plaintiffs have lawyers {prosecutor}|. In English or American trials, burden of proof is on prosecution. Prosecutors in criminal cases try to prove defendants committed crimes.
Court-appointed lawyers {public defender}| represent defendants.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225