Defamation, deceit, assault, battery, trespass, conversion, and false imprisonment involve intentions {intentional torts}|. Contract breaches are not torts. Land, tangible, and intangible personal property have different treatments in law. Land is real property. Tangibles are cars, clothing, appliances, and jewelry. Intangibles are stocks and bonds.
Fear of injury {assault}| does not require physical contact. Victims must be aware that they are under threat, and other person must be able to harm them. Words alone are not assault.
Intentionally caused physical injuries {battery, law}| do not require fear of injury. Unauthorized surgeries can be battery. Battery does not apply if victim consents first.
Unlawful detention against will {false imprisonment}| completely prevents doing normal activities. Laws against shoplifting modify rights against false imprisonment to allow stores to detain suspects.
Intentional torts {deceit} {fraud}| can be making false statements, knowing they are false, and making them to get someone to act or not act. Victims must have relied on statements to act or not act, and damages must result.
Consumers that have signed sales contracts can only break contracts for fraud, which is difficult and costly to prove. Seller deceptive practices do not allow buyers to break contracts.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225