Laws {Roman law} differed in Roman Republic and Roman Empire.
crime
In late Republic, courts for specific crimes developed. The worst crimes resulted in exile or capital punishment. Roman law did not presume accused-person guilt or innocence.
In imperial Rome, imperial officials judged crimes. Graduated punishments developed. Consensus established criminal laws. Criminal-law prosecution depended on finding facts.
names
Roman names were given name, followed by gens name, followed by family name.
objects
In Roman law, injured persons got offending animals. Laws did not punish animal owners.
offices
Senate elected all offices with potestas annually. Consuls, praetors, and dictators had no restrictions but had duties. Officials imposed fines up to the limit set by law and issued orders to carry out functions. Same or higher-ranking officials could veto official acts. Large administrative staffs had low rank with little influence.
offices: emperor's court
Emperor had his own court, which took requests for decisions from lower officials and private persons. Imperial orders included obligations in written contracts, anti-divorce laws, marital-gift laws, and illegitimate children. Emperor selected officials from equestrian class.
property law
Under Justinian, all property transfers required no ceremonies, and all property became res nec mancipi.
securities
Rome had no negotiable instruments.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224