When1: 1215
When2: 1250
Who: Frederick II
What: emperor
Where: Germany/Austria
Detail: He lived 1194 to 1250. Of Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Holy Roman Empire, he became king {anti-king} in opposition to Otto IV [1210]. He peacefully got Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem [1228] by treaty. He fought Pope Gregory IX, Pope Innocent III, and Pope Innocent IV [1239 to 1250] and conquered Italy. His court was in Sicily. Law, currency, and commerce reforms, and arts and science expansion, made his era the Proto-Renaissance. After he died [1250], the pope became ruler of Italy.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224