Neolithic culture was first legendary dynasty. Shen-nung, legendary king, taught cultivation techniques to humans.
Iron Age 13th to 17th dynasties were probably Semitic, had iron weapons, and had iron-wheeled chariots. They attacked the pharaoh at Thebes.
Dynasty was the 25th Dynasty of Egypt.
Dynasty ended when Assyrians took Lower Egypt.
First Psamtik and then Necho ruled. Sais, Memphis, and Heliopolis were cities.
Secular kings united north India, formed provinces under strong administration, and disarmed and split subject peoples.
Dynasty started when Ch'in tribe took Szechwan. Hsien Yang was capital. They used iron long sword.
After Alexander the Great died, Ptolemy I, general of Alexander, got Egypt and then defeated Antigonus I of Macedon in Wars of the Diadochi.
Zheng or Cheng, king of Qin, formed China's first united empire.
Liu family started Han dynasty. Confucianism became official, and civil service required knowledge of Confucian texts. It standardized Confucian documents [-200] and wrote dictionary and history. It used coins, had census, and registered land for land taxes. District governors had staff and official compounds {yamen}. Great Wall lengthened. Buddhism came to China. Silk Road started [-100].
After Ptolemy IV, kingdom declined.
Brhadratha ended Maurya Dynasty. Pusyamitra took India back to Hinduism.
Maccabees first ruled Palestine under control of Syria. Judas the Maccabee and his brothers took Judah's capital, Jerusalem [-166], from Syria. They saved and rededicated Temple at Jerusalem.
Han dynasty of China conquered and ruled until defeated by Ngo Quyen dynasty of Vietnam.
Dynasty ended when conquered by Rome.
Dynasty ended when Octavian or Augustus defeated Egypt under Cleopatra and Anthony at Actium and then at Alexandria, destroying library.
Wang Mang, nephew of the Han empress, usurped emperor [9].
Dynasty started when Ardashir I revolted against Parthians and reunited Persia. Ctesiphon was capital. Rey and Hamadan were main cities. Sasan and Bahram Gur were famous Sassanid kings. In feudal systems, four classes were under king: priests {Magi} and government officials, warriors, bureaucrats and scholars, and workers. The four provinces, each with governor {marzuban}, were Persia, Transoxania to north, Kushana to northeast, and Gupta Dynasty to east.
Gupta Dynasty ruled Magadha and Ganges River valleys. It used decimal system. Vedanta began. It established Hinduism and castes. It built many stone temples. Religious festivals used large wheeled carts {juggernaut cart}. Funerals for husbands also burned their wives {suttee}. Culture had child marriages, rituals, and meditation. Art flourished. Dramas based on epics began. It possibly ended in 467.
Yamato clan, led by Shinto priest-chief, organized Japan. First emperor supposedly descended from sun goddess. All emperors of Japan trace back to that emperor.
Huns entered India and caused dynasty to decline.
Dynasty reunited China. Canal system linked Yangtze, Yellow, and Hangchow Rivers.
Arabian Empire ended it by conquering Iran.
Dynasty of Moslem Empire started when Muawiya assassinated the fourth caliph, Ali, and deposed Hassan and Hussein, sons of Ali [661]. It ended when Abu Muslem of Khorassan revolted against Marwan II, the 14th caliph [750].
Dynasty ended when Abbasid leader Abu Muslem of Khorassan revolted against Marwan II, the 14th Omayyed caliph and killed all Omayyeds except Abdu-r-Rahman I.
Dynasty started when Abu Muslem of Khorassan revolted against Marwan II, 14th caliph of Moslem Empire. Abu Muslem named Abu'l-Abbas-as-Saffash first Abbasid caliph. Abu'l-Abbas-as-Saffash descended from Abbas, uncle of Mohammed, and from Ali, son-in-law of Mohammad. Abu Muslem moved capital to Baghdad. Dynasty ended when Hulagu Khan of Mongols overthrew Abbasid Dynasty.
Aghladbid dynasty founded colony in Sicily [827 to 902] and invaded south Italy.
Jayavarman II, Khmer king, founded it and built large temple complexes.
Dynasty began when Taherids under Taher Zolyaminayn and his sons Talha and Abd Allah revolted against Moslem Empire. Naishapur was capital. They paid tribute to Caliphs at Baghdad.
Dynasty featured trial of Afshin.
Dynasty began when Saffarids under Ya'ghub Layce Saffar or the Coppersmith revolted in Sistan and defeated Taherids. Caliph approved Saffar's brother Amir.
Dynasty began when Samanids under the brothers Nasr and Esmail, sons of Saman Khudat, who was under Caliph Mamun's protection, revolted and defeated Saffarids.
Dynasty ended when beaten by Saffarids.
Samanids controlled from China to Kermanshah. Nasr and Nooh, sons of the brothers Nasr and Esmail, built schools at Naishapur and Bukhara. They also reestablished court of Sassanids.
Guelph family rose in importance.
Dynasty had only Afghanistan and northeast Iran.
Dynasty ended when Saffar's brother Amir lost to Samanids after he attacked them.
Five Dynasties followed Tang Dynasty and had disorder.
Dynasty forced China out [939] but Dinh dynasty of Vietnam replaced it [965].
Dynasty was in north China.
House of Brandenburg or Ottonians ruled upper and lower Austria.
Dynasty replaced Ngo Huyen dynasty of Vietnam until overcome by Pre Le dynasty of Vietnam.
Dynasty began when Albtakin gained rule of Ghazneh.
Dynasty began in south Poland under first Piast King Boleslaus I.
Dynasty came from Tunis, conquered Tulunid dynasty, and built Cairo as capital. al-Azhar University began in Cairo.
Dynasty replaced Dinh dynasty of Vietnam until overcome by Le dynasty of Vietnam. Le Hoan repulsed Sung dynasty of China [981].
Dynasty began when Hugh Capet deposed Carolingian line and became king of France. Capetians tried to control nobles and build commerce. France had Aquitaine, Gascony, Burgundy, Catalonia, Languedoc, and Provence.
Dynasty replaced Pre Le dynasty of Vietnam. Ly Thuong Kiet repulsed Sung dynasty of China [1075 to 1077]. It ended when replaced by Tran dynasty of Vietnam.
Boleslaus III reunited Poland, but his succession law split it again. Casimir II, Piast, ruled Duchy of Cracow after Boleslaus III died. Silesia and Bohemia became part of Poland.
Dynasty replaced caliph of Cordoba.
Seljuk Turks reduced it.
Guelph family ruled Bavaria and Saxony, struggled against Hohenstaufen emperors, allied with the pope in Lombard League, and controlled cities of Florence, Genoa, and Bologna. Hanover family came from Guelph family.
Hohenstaufens and Ghibellines fought Papacy and Guelphs.
Ludovisi family ruled Rome.
Savoy family ruled Piedmont, Savoy, and Turin.
Wanyan Aguda or Okota of Jurchen or Nuzhen tribe took Khitan, and his successor took K'ai-feng from Sung.
Dynasty was in north China.
Ghibellines, Hohenstaufen faction, controlled Verona, Milan, Pisa, and Romano and struggled against Guelph cities.
Angevins ruled several kingdoms. It ruled Hungary from 1308 to 1386.
Berber Almohades invaded Spain.
Dynasty ruled part of India.
Dynasty controlled emperors at Kyoto. However, civil war among Fujiwara, Taira, and Minamoto clans followed.
Dynasty was in Ethiopian highlands.
Empire of Kiev broke up, but House of Rurik still ruled Kiev.
Dynasty was branch of Angevin line and had Henry II, Richard I, John, Henry III, Edward I, Edward II, Edward II, and Richard II.
Dynasty began when Saladin of Saracens, who were Sunni Moslems, overthrew Fatimite caliph Nureddim. He took Tunisia, Arabia, Yemen, and Syria [1174]. He took Mesopotamia [1185]. He took Palestine and captured Jerusalem [1187], at Battle of Hattim, as Second Crusade failed. He retook Latin states [1189], which First Crusade had established. He defended territory against Third Crusade, but Richard I of England took and held Tyre [1191] and Philip Augustus of France took Acre [1191 to 1192].
Crusaders kept Tyre, Tortosa, Krak des Chevaliers, and Mu'arrat al-Nu'man.
Berber Almohades took over from Berber Almoravids.
Hohenzollern family of Germany divided into Swabian line and Franconian line.
Kutb-ud-din, Afghan general, took Delhi and established Moslem dynasty.
Holy Roman Empire took south Italy and Sicily and fought the pope.
Silesia divided into areas ruled by various Piasts.
Dynasty built coral platform for ceremonies.
Barberini family ruled Rome.
Hapsburg counts controlled part of Switzerland.
Savoy counts controlled part of Switzerland.
Livonian Brothers of the Sword were German. Bishop Albert of Livonia and Pope Innocent III started them [1202]. Lithuanians defeated them at Battle of Schaulen or Saule [1236], and they merged with Teutonic Knights. In Livonian War, Moscow defeated them at Battle of Ergeme [1560].
Dynasty replaced Ly dynasty of Vietnam. Ports were at Hoi Thong and Van Don. Tran Hung Dao and other Tran kings repulsed Mongol Empire of China [1258, 1285, 1288]. It ended when replaced by Ho dynasty of Vietnam.
Nasrids of Granada ruled last Moslem city in Spain.
Este family ruled Guelph cities Ferrara and Modena and built Villa d'Este at Tivoli.
Dynasty ended when Mamelukes took Egypt.
First Mameluke dynasty had Turks and Mongols.
The Guelph condottiero Malatesta da Verucchio [1212 to 1312] founded it [1295 to 1312]. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta [1417 to 1468] built Tempio Malatestiano but lost all territory [1463] except Rimini. Cesare Borgia took Rimini [1500]. Rimini became part of Holy See in 1528.
Il-khan were offshoots of Mongol rulers.
Dynasty ended when Hulagu Khan of Mongols overthrew it. Abbasids fled to Egypt and took over that caliphate, with Mamelukes.
It is Plantagenet branch. Edmund, Henry III's son, ruled [1267 to 1296], followed by Henry IV [1399 to 1413], Henry V [1413 to 1422], and Henry VI [1422 to 1461] [1470 to 1471].
Someone murdered last Hohenstaufen emperor of Holy Roman Empire.
Bourbon family began.
Dynasty was Ghibelline.
Dynasty ruled Holy Roman Empire and Austria.
Dynasty ruled Delhi Sultanate.
Douglas family had older Black branch and younger Red branch.
Dynasty ended.
Dynasty ruled Delhi Sultanate under Tughlak.
Valois family ruled France directly [1328 to 1498] or collaterally. Valois kings were John II, Charles V, Charles VI, Charles VII, Louis XI, and Charles VIII. Louis XII was of Valois-Orleans line.
Luigi Gonzaga [1267 to 1360] became captain general of Mantua [1328] under Holy Roman Empire. After War of the Spanish Succession [1708], Hapsburg Austria got Mantua and Savoy got Montferrat. Gonzaga Castle is near Mantua.
In south Poland, Casimir III the Great was last Piast and consolidated king's power.
Ghara-Ghoyunlu line ruled northeast Iran.
New line of Mamelukes ended Bahrite Dynasty.
Shan chiefs ruled Burma.
Dynasty replaced Tran dynasty of Vietnam. It ended when beaten by Minh dynasty of China.
When Charles VI became insane, Louis, Duke of Orleans, caused civil war between south-France Armagnacs and east-France Burgundians. He started Valois-Orleans kings. Burgundians allied with Henry V of England when he invaded and defeated Louis, forcing Treaty of Troyes, which gave Normandy to Henry V.
Dynasty ruled Delhi Sultanate.
Dynasty ruled electorate of Brandenburg.
Savoy family ruled Savoy and parts of France and Italy.
Under Le Loi, it fought Minh dynasty of China for 10 years, winning under Nguyen Trai. It ended when beaten by Mac Dang Dung.
Merchants and bankers upheld democracy in Florence and patronized art. They also ruled Siena and Tuscany.
Ludovico Sforza took over Duchy of Milan.
Dynasty ruled Delhi Sultanate.
Borgia family ruled Rome and papacy.
York family ruled Britain.
Agh-Ghoyunlu line ruled northeast Iran.
Sture were regents.
Civil war began again in 1493.
Dynasty had Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
Dynasty ruled Poland, Lithuania, Bohemia, and Hungary.
Toungoo Dynasty, which was native, took over from Shan chiefs.
Dynasty started under Shah Isma'il Safavi.
Dynasty started with Francis I, followed by Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III.
Dynasty had Gustavus I, Eric XIV, Charles IX, Gustavus II, Christina, Charles X, and Charles XI.
Hapsburg kings of Austria began rule of Bohemia.
John I Zapolya or John Sigismund [1487 to 1571] was king of Hungary [1526 to 1540]. John II Zapolya or John Sigismund Zapolya was king of Hungary and prince of Transylvania [1540 to 1571].
Mac Dang Dung defeated Le dynasty of Vietnam. Capital was Phu Xuan, now Hue. It ended when beaten by the brothers Nguyen Nhac, Nguyen Lu, and Nguyen Hue. Le Chieu Thong asked Qin dynasty of China for help but Nguyen Hue defeated it [1789] at Thang Long.
In 1545, it was most powerful.
Dynasty began when King Ferdinand I of Austria fought Zapolya family and gained Hungary.
William the Silent of House of Nassau was first Orange king.
Shah Abbas I took land from Ottoman Empire and organized state.
Stuarts were James I, Charles I, Charles II, and James II.
Hideyoshi founded dynasty when he defeated other barons. Edo or Yedo (Tokyo) was capital.
Dynasty controlled Papacy and Rome.
Dynasty started when nobles elected Michael Romanov Tsar of Russia.
Hohenzollern Electors of Brandenburg ruled Prussia.
Barberini family was powerful in Italy.
Holy Roman Empire (Austria) regained control of Bohemia.
Dynasty ended when Mahmud and Afghans defeated them.
Dynasty controlled 1/4 of all land and supervised the rest through lesser rulers {daimyo}. Travel abroad halted, it banned large ships, and trade declined. Agriculture flourished. Towns grew, so Tokyo had 800,000 people by 1700. It persecuted missionaries and Christians, who numbered approximately 500,000.
Schönborn family ruled in Germany and patronized art.
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha family began. It later ruled Britain [1901 to 1918].
Hanover family, descended from Guelph family, ruled in Germany.
Hanover kings were George I, George II, George III, George IV, and Victoria.
Dynasty started under Nader Afshar or Nader Shah, who defeated Afghans and Ottoman Empire and invaded India, taking Koh-i-noor diamond and Peacock Throne.
Dynasty started under Karim Khan Zand. Shiraz was capital.
Nguyen Nhac, Nguyen Lu, and Nguyen Hue brothers fought Mac dynasty and established Tay Son dynasty of Vietnam. It defeated Siam [1785] at Rach Gam Soai Mut. It then defeated Trinh dynasty in Dang Ngoai. Nguyen Hue became king [1788] and defeated Qin dynasty of China [1789].
Dynasty started under Agha Mohammad Ghajar.
After the brothers Nguyen Nhac, Nguyen Lu, and Nguyen Hue fought Mac dynasty, Nguyen Hue became king [1788]. King renamed capital Hue. He defeated Qin dynasty of China [1789]. It ended when Nguyen Anh and French took Mekong delta.
Persia lost Caucasia to Russia.
Dynasty led German Empire.
First Mongkut was king, and then Chulalongkorn followed.
England and Russia controlled Qajar Iran.
Family changed from German name Wetlin to Windsor: George V, Edward VIII, George VI, and Elizabeth II.
Dynasty ended when Iran became independent.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225