Israel and Damascus defeated King Shalmaneser III of Assyria.
Sargon II of New Assyrian Empire defeated Babylon.
Sennacherib of New Assyrian Empire destroyed Babylon.
Greece defeated Persia.
Greece defeated Persia.
Leonidas, king of Sparta, held pass against much larger Persian army but eventually was overcome.
Sparta eliminated Athens' ships.
Other Greek city-states defeated Sparta.
Philip II of Macedon defeated Athens and Thebes.
Alexander the Great of Macedonia crossed Dardanelles Strait and defeated Darius III of Persia. He then went to Bythnia and Cilicia.
Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated Darius III of Persia. He then went to the Levant and Syria. He seized Tyre [-332]. Then he took Egypt and founded Alexandria.
Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated Darius III of Persia.
Alexander the Great went to Mesopotamia and won at Gaugamela to take Persia from Darius III.
Seleucus I of Seleucid Dynasty in Persia defeated Antigonus I of Macedon.
Seleucus I of Seleucid Dynasty in Persia defeated Lysimachus of Macedon.
Roman Republic under Pyrrhus defeated Gauls.
In north Italy, Roman Republic defeated Gauls.
Carthage under Hannibal defeated Roman Republic.
Roman Republic defeated relief forces aiding Hannibal.
Roman Republic under Scipio Africanus Major defeated Carthage under Hannibal to end Second Punic War. Rome gained south Spain and north Africa.
In north Greece, Roman Republic defeated Philip V of Macedon.
Cimbri German tribe defeated Roman Republic under Quintus Caepio.
Roman Republic under Gaius Marius defeated Teutons.
Roman Republic under Gaius Marius defeated Cimbri.
Roman Republic under Sulla defeated Greece.
Roman Republic defeated Pontus.
Pompey, for Senate, lost to Julius Caesar, for the people, in Roman Republic civil war, ending republic and starting Roman Empire.
Octavian (later Augustus), his general Agrippa, and Roman general and Second Triumvirate member Marcus Antonius (Marc Anthony) defeated republican forces representing Senate and ruled Middle East.
Octavian (Augustus) defeated Marc Anthony and Cleopatra.
German tribes stopped Rome, eliminating three legions, at Rhine River in Germany. Romans put boundary across Europe {limes} at Rhine and Danube Rivers, with roads, camps for legions, and towers. At that time, Rome had 28 infantry legions with 160,000 men and as many men in cavalry and other units.
Roman Empire destroyed Maccabees, who had fled to Masada.
Persia defeated Rome and took Emperor Valerian prisoner.
Rome fell to Visigoths under Alaric I. Stilicho, a Vandal, led Roman Visigoth, Alan, and Hun army, but someone murdered him before battle.
Attila the Hun lost to Rome under Aetius, a Visigoth who commanded Visigoths, Franks, Celts, and Burgundians.
Odoacer, king of Vandals, came from Carthage and sacked Rome.
Western Roman Empire ended as Vandals under Odoacer sacked Rome second time and killed the western emperor, Romulus Augustus.
Moslem Empire defeated Persia under Yazdegard.
Moslem Empire defeated Persia under Yazdegard, ending Sassanian Dynasty. Zoroastrians fled Moslems, went to Gujerat Province in India, and became Parsees.
Omayyad Caliphs took Bukhara.
Charles Martel, king of Franks, defeated Moorish Kingdom.
Arabian Empire defeated Tang Dynasty, in Pamir Mountains.
Basques of north Spain defeated Charlemagne.
Eastern Frankish kingdom and Charles the Bold defeated Lothair I.
Harold I won and united small kingdoms, driving losers overseas.
Alfred, king of Wessex [871], defeated Vikings. Guthrum, Viking lord, kept England north half {Danelaw}.
Varangians took Kiev from Khazars.
All-e Buyeh of Persian Buyides took Baghdad.
Otto I of Saxony took Austria from Magyars near Augsburg. Bavaria added Austria as Eastern March. Slovakia became part of Hungary [955 to 1918].
Otto defeated Slavs.
Seljuk Turks under Toghrol or Tughril defeated Mas'ud of Ghaznavid Dynasty of Persia.
Ferdinand I, king of Castile, captured Coimbra from Moors.
Edward the Confessor died with no heir. He had promised throne to William, Duke of Normandy, but English nobles wanted Harold, Earl of Wessex. William the Conqueror of Normandy defeated Harold of England.
Normans and English defeated Norwegian invasion.
Seljuk Turks from Baghdad, under Toghrol, defeated Byzantine Empire and captured emperor.
Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire took Rome, forcing Pope Gregory VII to flee.
Peter the Hermit and Crusaders passed through Constantinople and Sultanate of Rum and took Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks.
Seljuk Turks lost Jerusalem to Byzantine Emperor Alexius I, Tancred, and Godfrey of Bouillon. Christians set up Kingdom of Jerusalem and founded County of Tripoli around Tripoli, Lebanon, and Principality of Antioch and County of Edessa around Maras, east of Tarsus. Sultanate of Rum still ruled Asia Minor and Turkey. Fatimids ruled undisturbed in Egypt.
Lombard League, for Pope Alexander I, defeated Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire.
Saladin of Saracens defeated Christians and captured Jerusalem, as Second Crusade failed.
Saladin of Saracens defended Jerusalem against Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Third Crusade.
Spain and Portugal defeated the Berber Almohades. Only Granada remained Berber.
Genghis Khan captured Beijing.
Frederick II of Holy Roman Empire defeated Lombard League. This created Guelph cities and Ghibelline cities, which fought each other. Guelph cities were Bologna, Florence, Genoa, and Naples. Ghibelline cities were Rome, Verona, Milan, Pisa, and Arezzo. Papacy, supported by Guelphs, was against Holy Roman Empire, supported by Ghibellines.
Alexander Nevsky of Russia defeated Sweden.
Alfonso III of Portugal drove Moors from Spain.
Holuga Khan of Mongol Empire took Baghdad, and Maragheh became capital.
Mamelukes stopped Mongol attack on Syria, near Nazareth.
The count of Hainaut in Flanders defeated Duke of Burgundy.
Robert Bruce of Scotland defeated England under Edward II.
England defeated France at sea.
England, using longbows, defeated France.
England defeated France.
Edward the Black Prince, Duke of Cornwall, captured John II of France and gained Bordeaux.
Murad I or Amaruth I of Ottoman Turks took Adrianople from Byzantine Empire.
France defeated England at sea, and England lost Aquitaine.
Arteveldes, counts of Hainaut in Flanders, lost to duke of Burgundy.
Christian Serbia lost to Ottoman Turks.
Ottoman Empire, which was Moslem, defeated Bulgaria, which was Christian.
Tamerlane, Mongol from central Asia, and Timurids defeated Ottoman Empire.
Turkomans took Baghdad and western lands from Timurids.
England, under Henry V, and Burgundian allies defeated France under Louis, Duke of Orleans in Azincourt, north France. English used longbows. Professional soldiers began.
Tamerlane sacked Bursa, capital of Ottoman Turks.
France, led by Joan of Arc, defeated England.
France, led by Joan of Arc, defeated England.
Byzantine Empire defeated Serbia.
France defeated England.
France defeated England to end 100 Years War [1453]. Calais was still English.
Ottoman Turks under Mohammed II or Muhammed II or Mehmet II conquered Constantinople, ending Byzantine Empire by defeating Constantine XI. Knowledge of Greek philosophers reached Europe.
John Hunyadi and John Capistran of Hungary defeated Ottoman Empire. John Capistran became a Catholic saint.
Lithuania defeated Teutonic Knights.
Henry VII defeated last Plantagenet king, Richard III, and started Tudor line.
King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I of Spain defeated last Moors.
Francesco Gonzaga of Italy fought France in Italian Wars.
Portugal took Goa.
Switzerland lost at Marignano and began neutrality policy.
Ottoman Empire took Belgrade from Hungary.
Louis II of Hungary lost to Suleiman I the Magnificent of Ottoman Empire.
Muslim Ethiopians defeated Christian Ethiopians until 1543, when Portuguese troops defeated Muslim Ethiopians.
England lost Calais.
Venice and Spain stopped Ottoman Empire in Mediterranean off west Greece.
Ottoman Empire besieged Vienna and Austria. John III of Poland relieved Vienna but did not take Moldavia or Walachia from Ottoman Empire.
Francis Drake of England destroyed Spain's fleet.
Spanish Armada lost to England under Francis Drake.
Hideyoshi, Ieyasu, or Iyeyasu, of Toyotomi clan, defeated other barons and unified nation.
Frederick the Winter King and Protestant Bohemian princes lost to Spain and Hapsburgs of Holy Roman Empire.
John Churchill of England defeated Holy Roman Empire. Blenheim is in west Germany.
Oliver Cromwell of England ended ten-year rebellion in Ireland.
Poland defeated Sweden at Czestochowa monastery.
England defeated Ireland. England enacted more Penal Laws against Ireland.
Britain took Port Royal from France and settled in Acadia (Nova Scotia).
France defeated England.
Robert Clive of British East India Company defeated France, ending French influence in India. As governor of Bengal, he also got Behar, Calcutta, and Crissa for Britain.
Britain under Wolfe defeated France under Montcalm in French and Indian War.
Britain defeated USA.
Britain and USA fought second battle.
Britain lost to USA.
Battle between Britain and USA was first Revolutionary-War fighting {shot heard round the world}. When he looked at Old North Church to see the lights, "one if by land, two if by sea", Paul Revere saw one lantern and rode to get colonists ready {Paul Revere's ride}.
Britain failed to stop siege of Boston by USA under Washington and had to leave Boston.
USA under Washington failed in defense of New York City against British.
USA under Washington failed to save Philadelphia from British.
USA under Washington failed to save Philadelphia from British.
USA under Washington crossed Delaware River on Christmas to route Hessian (German) mercenaries at night.
USA under Washington crossed Delaware River on Christmas to route Hessian (German) mercenaries at night.
Ethan Allen successfully led Green Mountain Boys of USA against British.
Saratoga Campaign of Britain ended when General Burgoyne surrendered to General Gates of USA at Saratoga Springs.
General Clark defeated British who allied with American natives.
In Carolina campaign, General Cornwallis of Britain took Camden from USA.
Carolina campaign of Britain started with General Cornwallis of Britain taking Charleston from USA.
USA defeated Britain.
Yorktown campaign began when Cornwallis of Britain retreated to Yorktown, waiting for more soldiers. France blockaded Chesapeake Bay. USA under Washington marched to Yorktown, where Cornwallis surrendered.
France lost to Horatio Nelson and Britain, when French ships tried to go to India.
France occupied Egypt, but Britain and Ottoman Empire forced France out.
Horatio Nelson of England defeated Denmark.
France under Napoleon defeated Austria.
France defeated Austria in Napoleonic Wars.
Horatio Nelson of England defeated France.
France defeated Russia in north Germany.
France defeated Prussia in Napoleonic Wars.
France defeated Austria.
William Henry Harrison opened Ohio and Indiana to settlers by beating American natives.
Allies defeated Napoleon and sent him into exile on island of Elba.
USA, under Andrew Jackson, defeated Britain in War of 1812.
Napoleon escaped from Elba and rallied France. England under Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon. Napoleon went into exile on St. Helena Island.
Mohammed Ali of Egypt allied with Ottoman Empire and fought Greece and Wahabis of Arabia but lost.
Simon Bolivar led South America to victory over Spain.
Greece under president Capo d'Istrai defeated Ottoman Empire in Greek War of Independence and became independent.
Austria took free city of Cracow.
Abolitionist John Brown captured Harpers Ferry arsenal.
North defeated South.
David Farragut defeated Confederate ships to take New Orleans for Union. He then closed off Mobile Bay.
George Custer lost to Lakota and its allies under Chief Sitting Bull of the Hunkpapa Lakota.
General Crook lost to Teton Sioux.
Italy invaded Ethiopia but lost.
Greece fought Ottoman Empire to get Crete but failed.
Marshal Foch of France held back Germany.
Marshall Hindenburg of Germany defeated Russia and occupied Poland. He became commander of all Central Powers forces.
Pancho Villa took Mexico City from Diaz.
Henri Petain, marshal of France, stopped Germany.
Civil war in Russia ended as Reds or Bolsheviks and Red Army under Leon Trotsky defeated Whites or Mensheviks and government.
Italy took Fiume.
Kemal Ataturk stopped attacking Greece, captured Smyrna, and deposed Sultan of Ottoman Empire.
USA protected Allied ships from submarines.
Japan attacked without declaring war. USA declared war on Japan.
Rommel of Germany lost to Field Marshal Montgomery of Britain. Montgomery later commanded in north France.
British, French, and Indian soldiers surrendered to Japan.
USA defeated Japan.
USA decisively defeated Japan, as air power crippled Japanese fleet.
USA defeated Japan.
Germany reached Volvograd and Caucasia.
USA defeated Japan.
USA defeated Japan.
World War II ended in Europe as Allies entered Berlin from east and west. Germany had four zones.
USA dropped atomic bomb.
USA dropped atomic bomb.
Vietnam defeated France, and Vietnam divided into North Vietnam, which was Communist, and South Vietnam, which was republic.
North Vietnam took over South Vietnam.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225