{Russia, Asia} Country is in north Asia and east Europe. Capital is Moscow. It has Siberia. It has Lake Baikal. It has Lena River. It has Verkhoyansk Range. It ha Kamchatkya Peninsula.
{Australia, country} Island country is southeast of Asia. Capital is Canberra. Main cities are Sydney in southeast, Melbourne in south, Darwin in northeast, Adelaide, Perth in west, and Brisbane in east. Northwest has Great Sandy Desert. South central has Great Victoria Desert. East has Great Dividing Range. East has Great Barrier Reef. Tasmania Island is south, with Hobart city. It has Lake Eyre in center and Lake Gardner in south center. It has Mt. Kosciuszko in south.
{New Zealand} Island country is southeast of Australia, across Tasman Sea. Capital is Wellington. Another city is Auckland. It has North Island and South Island. South Island has Mt. Cook.
{Afghanistan} Country is in west-central Asia, northwest of Pakistan. Capital is Kabul.
{Bactria} Ancient country was in north Afghanistan.
{Bangladesh} Country is in south-central Asia, east of India. Capital is Dacca.
{Bhutan} Country is in central Asia, east of Nepal, in Himalayas. Capital is Thimphu.
{Ceylon} Island is in south-central Asia, southeast of India. New name is Sri Lanka. Capital is Colombo.
{Hadhramaut} Previous country was in Asia.
{India} Country is in south-central Asia.
regions
North India is arid. Southern highlands have forests.
states
India has 21 states. Punjab is in upper Indus River. Muktan is in middle Indus River. Sind is at lower Indus River. Kashmir, Ladakh, Kafiristan, Kumaon, and Kangara are in northwest mountains. Saurashtra, Gujarat, Baluchistan, Rajputana, and Delhi are in band from Arabian Sea to northwest mountains. Hindustan, Bihar, Sikkim, and Bhutan are south of Nepal. Assam and Bengal are in east. Malwa and Jharkand are in middle. Behar and Gondwana are south. Mahrattas, Deccan and Golconda are south. Mysore is south. Malabar is at west tip. Coromandel is at east tip. Laccadive Islands are west of Malabar. Maldive Islands are to south. Nicobar Islands and Andaman Islands are to southeast.
cities
Capital is New Delhi in north center. Main cities are Bombay or Mumbai in west, Bangalore in south, Madras or Chennai on southeast coast, Hyderabad in south center, and Calcutta or Kolkat on northeast coast.
{Kazakhstan} Country is in south-central Asia, north of Uzbekistan. Capital is Astana. It has Mt. Alma-Ata. It has Irtysh River. It has Lake Balkhash.
{Kyrgyzstan} Country is in south-central Asia, east of Uzbekistan. Capital is Bishkek. It has Mt. Pik Pobedy.
{Nepal} Country is in south-central Asia, northeast of India. Capital is Kathmandu.
{Pakistan} Country is in south Asia, northwest of India. Capital is Islamabad. Main cities are Karachi on coast, Hyderabad in south, Faisalabad in center, and Lahore in east center. It has Indus River.
{Scythia} Ancient country was in southwest Asia, north northeast of Black Sea and east of Aral Sea.
{Tajikistan} Country is in south-central Asia, north of Afghanistan. Capital is Dushanbe. It has Mt. Kongur Shan.
{Turkmenistan} Country is in south-central Asia, northeast of Iran. Capital is Ashgabat.
{Uzbekistan} Country is in south-central Asia, north of Turkmenistan. Capital is Tashkent. It has Aral Sea.
{China} Country is in east Asia. Old name was Cathay. It is also People's Republic of China.
regions
North China is arid. Many rivers run from Tibet to Gulf of Tonkin and South China Sea and south Bay of Bengal. Karakorum is to west, east of Kunlun Mountains, where Khotan town is. Turkestan is north of Kunlun Mountains, with Tunhwang town. Gobi Desert is north of Great Wall of China and northeast of Turkestan, south of Mongolia. Manchuria is in northeast China, across Sea of Japan from Japan and north of Korea.
provinces
Major provinces are Honan, Kwantung, Kwangsi, Sinkiang, Hopei, Shantung, Szechwan, Tibet, and Inner Mongolia.
cities
Capital is Beijing. Main cities are Shenya in Manchuria, Dalian on Manchuria coast, Tientsin southeast of Beijing, Zibo southeast of Beijing on Yellow River, Jinan southeast of Beijing on Yellow River, Taiyuan south of Beijing, Xi'an in center, Wuhan on central Yangtze River, Nanjing on east Yangtze River, Shanghai at Yangtze River mouth, Shenzen just north of Hong Kong, and Canton north of Hong Kong.
rivers
It has Yellow River, Yangtze River, and north Mekong River.
{Japan} Four main islands are in east Asia, east of Korea: Honshu in center, Kyushu in south, Shikoku south of Honshu, and Hokkaido in north. Capital is Tokyo. Main cities are Kyoto in south Honshu, Hiroshima in southwest Honshu, and Osaka in south Honshu. It has Mt. Fuji in center.
{Korea} Country is peninsula in northeast Asia, between Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan.
{Mongolia} Country is in east Asia, between China and Russia. Capital is Ulan Bator. It has Gobi Desert.
{North Korea} Country is in northeast Asia. Capital is Pyongyang.
{Outer Mongolia} Country is in northeast Asia, between Russia and China.
{Republic of China} Island country is in east Asia, southeast of China. It is also Taiwan. Capital is Taipei.
{South Korea} Country is in northeast Asia. Capital is Seoul.
{Tibet} Former country is in south-central Asia, north of Himalayas and south of Kunlun Mountains, on Plateau of Tibet.
{Aden, country} Previous country was on Arabia south coast.
{Akkad} Former empire was in north Babylonia. It is also Agade.
{Armenia} Country is east of Black Sea, east of Turkey. Capital is Yerevan.
{Ashur} Ancient empire was in northwest Iraq, on Tigris River. Another name was Assyria.
{Assyria} Ancient empire was in northwest Iraq, on Tigris River. Another name was Ashur.
{Azerbaijan} Country is east of Black Sea, northwest of Iran and northeast of Turkey. Capital is Baku.
{Babylonia} Ancient country was in Iraq, in valley between lower Euphrates and Tigris Rivers.
{Bahrain} Island sheikdom is in southeast Middle East, between Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Capital is Manama.
{Bithynia} Ancient country was in northwest Asia Minor.
{Cyprus} Island is in east Mediterranean, south of Turkey. Capital is Nicosia.
{Ebla} Ancient country was in Syria, south of Aleppo.
{Galatia} Ancient country was in central Asia Minor.
{Georgia, country} Country is east of Black Sea, northeast of Turkey. Capital is Tbilisi. It has Mt. Elbrus in north.
{Iran} Country is in east Middle East, southwest of Caspian Sea and east of Iraq. Old name was Persia. Capital is Tehran. Main cities are Abadan on southwest coast, Isfahan in west, Shiraz in south center, Gom in north center, Tabriz in northwest, and Mashad in northeast. It has Mt. Damavand in north center.
{Iraq} Country is in east Middle East, on Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, west of Iran and east of Syria. Capital is Baghdad.
{Israel} Country is in west Middle East, on Mediterranean Sea, south of Lebanon. Capital is Tel Aviv. Main cities are Jerusalem and Haifa.
{Jordan} Country is in central Middle East and northwest Arabia, northwest of Saudi Arabia. Capital is Amman.
{Judaea} {Judea} Former kingdom is in south Palestine.
{Judah} Ancient kingdom was in south Palestine.
{Kuwait} Country is in east Middle East, northeast of Saudi Arabia and south of Iraq. Capital is Kuwait.
{Lebanon} Country is in west Middle East, on Mediterranean Sea, southwest of Syria. Capital is Beirut.
{Lydia} Ancient country was in west Asia Minor.
{Media} Ancient country was in northwest Iran.
{Oman} Country is in southeast Arabia, north of Yemen. Capital is Muscat.
{Ottoman Empire} Former sultanate included Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Palestine, Egypt, Barbary States, Balkan States, and some Russia and Hungary.
{Palestine} Country and ancient region is between Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River.
{Palestinian Territories} Territory and ancient region is between Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River, south of Israel.
{Parthia} Ancient country was in northeast Iran.
{Pergamon} Ancient Greek kingdom was in central Asia Minor. Pergamon is also Pergamum and is now Bergama, Turkey.
{Persia} Former kingdom was in east Middle East. New name is Iran.
{Philistia} Ancient country was in southwest Palestine.
{Phoenicia} Ancient country was in Syria and Lebanon.
{Phrygia} Ancient country was in west-central Asia Minor.
{Pontus} Ancient country was in northeast Asia Minor.
{Qatar} Country is in southeast Middle East, between Bahrain and United Arab Emirates. Capital is Doha.
{Saudi Arabia} Country is in southwest Middle East, south of Iraq and north of Yemen. Capital is Riyadh. Main cities are Medina and Mecca.
{Sheba} Former country was in southwest Arabian Peninsula.
{Sumer} Former empire was in south Iraq. It was Babylonia southern division.
{Syria} Country is in west Middle East, south of Turkey. Capital is Damascus.
{Trucial Coast} Former country is in southeast Middle East.
{Turkey} Country is in northwest Middle East, north of Syria and south of Black Sea. Capital is Ankara. Main cities are Istanbul in northwest and Izmir on west coast.
{United Arab Emirates} Country is in southeast Arabia, on Persian Gulf, south of Qatar and north of Oman. Capital is Abu Dhabi.
{Yemen} Country is in southwest Arabia, on Red Sea, south of Saudi Arabia. Capital is Sanaa.
{Brunei} Country is in south Asia, on north Borneo Island. Old name is Sarawak. Capital is Bandar Seri Begawan.
{Burma} Country is in southeast Asia, east of Bangladesh, on Bay of Bengal. Andaman Islands are to west and Nicobar Islands are to south. Capital is Naypwidaw (Rangoon). Another name is Myanmar.
{Cambodia} Country is in southeast Asia, southeast of Thailand, on Gulf of Siam. Capital is Phnom Penh.
{East Timor} Country is in south Asia, on Timor Island, east of Indonesia. Capital is Dili.
{Indonesia} Country is in southeast Asia and contains Java, Sumatra, Bali, Sumba, Flores, south Borneo, Celebes, Buru, Seram, west New Guinea, Moluccas, and other islands in Malay Archipelago. Capital is Jakarta. Sumatra has Medan in north and Palembang in south. Java has Jakarta in west and Surabaya in east. Celebes has Ujungpandang. New Guinea has Mt. Puncak Jaya.
{Laos} Country is in southeast Asia, northeast of Thailand. Capital is Vientiane.
{Malaysia} Country is in southeast Asia, south of Thailand, and contains Malaya, North Borneo, and Sarawak. Capital is Kuala Lumpur.
{Philippines} Islands are in southeast Asia, east of Vietnam. Capital is Manila. Main cities are Cebu in center and Quezon City on north Luzon Island. It has Mindanao Island in south and Palawan Island in southwest.
{Sarawak, country} Country is in south Asia, on north Borneo Island. New name is Brunei.
{Siam} Country is in southeast Asia. New name is Thailand.
{Singapore, country} Country is in southeast Asia, south of Malaysia. Capital is Singapore.
{Thailand} Country is in southeast Asia, southeast of Burma. Old name was Siam. Capital is Bangkok.
{Vietnam} Country is in southeast Asia, east of Laos and Cambodia.
cities
Capital is Hanoi in north. Main cities are Ho Chi Minh City or Saigon in south, Haiphong on central coast, and Danang on central coast.
peoples
People settled there -500000 to -300000. Main ethnic group is Viet or Kinh, who live in lowlands. Others are Tay, Nung, Thai, Muong, H'mong, Zao, Hoa, Khmer, Bana, Giarai, and Ede.
religion
Buddhism came to Vietnam [-200].
weather
Rainy season is from May to October.
rivers
Red River flows past Hanoi. Mekong River flows south of Saigon.
alphabet
Nom [until 1900] came from Han Chinese characters [1000 to 1300]. Quoc Hgu [after 1900] came from Roman alphabet [1600 to 1700].
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Date Modified: 2022.0225