Quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics, and quantum electroweak theory form unified theory {particle physics standard model} {standard model of particle physics} {standard theory}.
particles
Quarks, leptons, and intermediate vector bosons are wave bundles in fields. Top quark has 175 GeV. Proton has 1 GeV.
Why are there three particle generations, rather than just one? The first generation makes consistent theory with need for higher-mass particles.
Particle masses, charges, and spins relate by the Yang-Mills gauge group in the particle Standard Model. That gauge group is the direct product of the Special Unitary group for three gluons, Special Unitary group for two intermediate vector bosons, and Unitary group for one photon: SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1). Therefore, the Yang-Mills gauge group has SU(3), SU(2), and U(1) as subgroups. SU(3) is for strong-force quark and gluon color, is non-Abelian, and has no invariant subgroups, so its matrix is traceless. SU(2) is for weak-force pion and W-and-Z boson strangeness, is non-Abelian, and has no invariant subgroups, so its matrix is traceless. U(1) is for electromagnetic electron and positron electric charge and is Abelian and normal. Unitary groups have unitary square matrices, as generators. Special groups have square-matrix determinants = 1.
field
Standard theory is renormalizable quantum-field theory. Quantum-field theory is for energies that are high compared to particle mass, so it is not about gravitation.
gauge symmetry
Only quantum differences are important, not absolute values.
gauge symmetry: renormalization
Redefining 18 physical constants {renormalizable} can remove infinite quantities.
other forces: mass
Gravitation is about mass. Standard Model does not predict quark and lepton masses, unless it adds a scalar field. Scalar field probably has quanta and so Higgs particles, with masses of 100 to 300 GeV.
other forces: supersymmetry
Perhaps, a new force allows protons to be unstable with half-life 10^31 to 10^34 years. Perhaps, new force gives mass 10^-11 GeV to neutrinos.
Physical Sciences>Physics>Quantum Mechanics>Theory>Quantum Relativity>Theories>Field
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Date Modified: 2022.0224