To show directly that physics is non-local, measure entangled-electron spins {Bell experiment}. Electrons are indistinguishable. Around any measuring axis, electron spins have only two, clockwise or counterclockwise, angular-momentum states. For systems with zero total angular momentum, one electron has spin +1/2 and the other has spin -1/2. Experimenters can only measure one electron's spin, after wavefunction collapse, so system wavefunction before collapse had both electrons having both spins in superposition. Electrons 1 and 2 have spins along axes x, y, and z. If axes are indistinguishable and electrons combine randomly, states are 1x+2x-, 1x-2x+; 1x+2y-, 1x-2y+; 1x+2z-, 1x-2z+; 1y+2y-, 1y-2y+; 1y+2z-, 1y-2z+; 1z+2z-, 1z-2z+, so 6/12 of states involve x-axis, and 6/12 do not. If axes are distinguishable and electrons combine randomly, states are 1x+2x-, 1x-2x+; 1x+2y-, 1x-2y+; 1x+2z-, 1x-2z+; 1y+2x-, 1y-2x+; 1y+2y-, 1y-2y+; 1y+2z-, 1y-2z+; 1z+2x-, 1z-2x+; 1z+2y-, 1z-2y+; 1z+2z-, 1z-2z+, so 10/18 of states involve x-axis, and 8/18 do not. However, system has equal probability to start with 1x+2x- and 1x-2x+, so 2 x-axis states must be left out, making 9/18 of states involve x-axis, and 9/18 do not. If axes are indistinguishable and electrons entangle, states are xx, xy, xz, yy, yz, zz, so 3/6 of states involve x-axis, and 3/6 do not. If axes are distinguishable and electrons entangle, states are xx, xy, yx, xz, zx, yy, yz, zy, zz, so 5/9 of states involve x-axis, and 4/9 do not. Bell experiment result confirms the last conditions, so, if there are no hidden variables, electrons entangle, and physics is non-local.
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Date Modified: 2022.0224