Electrostatic force between nucleus and electron causes electrons to orbit atomic nuclei in main regions {shell, atom}| {atomic shell} at specific distances. Atoms have up to seven shells, from one to seven unit distances from nucleus.
energy
Electron kinetic energy E depends on reciprocal of shell number n squared: E = 1 / n^2. For first shell, n = 1 and E = 1/1 = 1 unit. For second shell, n = 2 and E = 1/4 = 0.25 unit. For third shell, n = 3 and E = 1/9 = 0.11 unit. For fourth shell, n = 4 and E = 1/16 = 0.07 unit, For fifth shell, n = 5 and E = 1/25 = 0.04 unit. For sixth shell, n = 6 and E = 1/36 = 0.03 unit. For seventh shell, n = 7 and E = 1/49 = 0.02 unit. Energy levels are closer together at higher shells, because force depends directly on reciprocal of radius squared.
K shell is 10^4 times atomic-nucleus radius. L shell is 1.5 times farther from nucleus than K shell. M shell is 1.67 times farther from nucleus than K shell. N shell is 1.75 times farther from nucleus than K shell.
electrons
Shells farther from nucleus can hold more electrons, because they allow more quanta combinations. Shells can hold 2 * n^2 electrons, where n is shell number. First shell {K shell} can hold two electrons. Second shell {L shell} can hold eight electrons. Third shell {M shell} can hold 18 electrons. Fourth shell {N shell} can hold 32 electrons. Fifth shell {O shell} can hold 50 electrons. Sixth shell {P shell} can hold 72 electrons. Seventh shell {Q shell} can hold 98 electrons.
shell
Atomic-electron orbits have different radii and energy levels {shell, orbital}. From lowest to highest potential energy, and highest to lowest kinetic energy, radius is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 units. Orbit radii increase linearly. Units differ for different atoms. Potential energy depends on radius, so quantum energy changes between shells are equal.
wavelength
Smallest orbit has circumference equal to one wavelength. Wavelength depends on radial force and resistance to force. Smallest orbit has highest frequency. Second-smallest orbit has circumference with wavelength equal to two original wavelengths. Second-smallest orbit has half original frequency. Third-smallest orbit has circumference with wavelength equal to three original wavelengths. Third-smallest orbit has one-third original frequency, and so on.
Physical Sciences>Physics>Matter>Atom>Orbital
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Date Modified: 2022.0224