Atom electrons are in shells with orbit types {orbital}|. Orbital can have zero, one, or two electrons.
energy level
Electron orbitals have different energy levels. From lowest to highest, they are one 1s, one 2s, three 2p, one 3s, three 3p, one 4s, five 3d, three 4p, one 5s, five 4d, three 5p, one 6s, seven 4f, five 5d, three 6p, one 7s, seven 5f, five 6d, and three 7p. Number in parentheses is number of possible orbits with that energy. Before using f orbitals, orbital hybridization causes one electron to go into a d orbital.
electronic transitions
Electrons can jump from orbital to higher or lower orbital. Both orbitals must be anti-symmetric to allow angular-momentum conservation. Angular-momentum units are the same for orbiting and spinning.
angular momentum
Same-shell electrons can have different orbital angular momenta {orbital angular momentum, atom}. Angular momentum adds centrifugal force to electrostatic force. Orbital angular momentum has units h / (2 * pi), where h is Planck constant. First shell allows only 0 units. Second shell allows 0 and 1 units. Third shell allows 0, 1, and 2 units. Fourth shell allows 0, 1, 2, and 3 units, and so on.
shape
In shells, orbit shape determines orbital angular momentum. Spherical s orbital allows zero angular momentum. Double-ellipsoid p orbital allows zero or one angular-momentum unit. Quadruple-ellipsoid or double-ellipsoid/torus d orbital allows zero, one, or two angular-momentum units. Octuple-ellipsoid f orbital allows zero, one, two, or three angular momentum units, and so on.
First shell can only have spherical orbital, because it has minimum potential energy and cannot alter. Second shell can have spherical orbital and three oriented orbitals. Shells above first shell can have spherical orbital, three oriented orbitals, and five, seven, and so on, multiply oriented orbitals.
interactions
Orbital orientation and spin orientation interaction changes angular momentum by precession. Spin-axis orientation is always along z-axis. If orbital-axis orientation is along z-axis, no interaction happens, and total angular momentum does not change. If orbital-axis orientation is perpendicular to z-axis, torque interaction {spin-orbit interaction} effects add or subtract angular momentum units. Electric coupling forces cause torque that causes orbital to precess around orbital vertical axis. Spin-orientation interaction can change angular momentum by -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, or +3 units.
Physical Sciences>Physics>Matter>Atom>Orbital
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Date Modified: 2022.0224