Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer

When1:  1957

Who:    John Bardeen [Bardeen, John]/Leon Cooper [Cooper, Leon]/John Schrieffer [Schrieffer, John]

What:   physicist

Where:  USA

Detail: Bardeen lived 1908 to 1991. Cooper lived 1930 to ?. Schrieffer lived 1931 to ?. They invented BCS superconductivity theory, in which electrons distort positive-ion lattices to make phonons, which interact with second electrons, causing slight attraction and so pairing electrons [1957]. In superconductors, magnetic flux has quanta. Electric field has no quanta, but quantizing the field mathematically allows easier calculations. Critical temperature is higher if more electrons can be in superconductive state, if lattice-vibration frequencies are higher, and if electrons and lattice interact more strongly.

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