Molecule collisions make fast and discrete molecule-energy changes {quantum energy change}.
temperature
Energy fluctuations Q depend on Boltzmann constant k times absolute temperature T: Q = k*T. At higher temperatures, energy change is more, and molecule energy levels are farther apart. At low temperature, quanta are almost equal, and molecules have ground-state energy Q0 plus multiple of energy quantum Q: Q0, Q0 + 1*Q, Q0 + 2*Q, Q0 + 3*Q, and so on.
factors
Quantum increases if volume decreases, system does work, mass decreases, temperature decreases, pressure decreases, fields decrease, or electrons transition to lower orbits. In those cases, overall energy decreases, so quanta are bigger.
entropy
If system has only entropy changes, quanta stay the same.
high energy
If quanta are large, high energies are hard to reach.
Physical Sciences>Physics>Heat>Statistical Mechanics
5-Physics-Heat-Statistical Mechanics
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Date Modified: 2022.0224