Heat can exert force in direction and so do work {work, heat}|. Possible work energy is difference in heat energy between hotter region and colder region, which is available heat energy. Machines have ratio {efficiency, work} between work actually done and heat available or input work. Efficiency is high temperature Th minus low temperature Tc divided by high temperature: (Th - Tc) / Th. Engines have efficiency of 30%.
Ideal engines have four stages {Carnot cycle}|: isothermal heat gain, adiabatic gas expansion, isothermal heat loss, and adiabatic gas contraction.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225