Coldness can be very low {cryogenics}|. Lasers cool by slowing atoms to 50 microKelvin. Magnetic fields can trap and compress gas. Cooling can be by both lasers and magnetic traps {magneto-optical trap} (MOT).
Evaporation cools to below 50 microKelvin by removing hottest atoms. Time-averaged orbital potential (TOP) magnetic trap allows evaporation at point that moves in circle to build gas ellipsoid. Ioffe trap holds plasmas. Ioffe-Pritchard trap can use parallel magnetic fields or other arrangements to form various gas shapes.
properties
Quantum-mechanical effects can change low-temperature material properties, such as superconductivity.
Physical Sciences>Physics>Heat>Cryogenics
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Date Modified: 2022.0224