Voltage is between two different touching metals at different temperatures, because metals have different electronegativities {thermoelectric effect}|. If metal rod has different temperatures at ends, voltage is between ends.
If two different metals have different temperatures and contact at two different places, circuit forms {Seebeck effect}.
Thermoelectric-effect voltage can measure temperature {thermocouple}|.
Thermocouples can be in series {thermopile}|.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225