Electric fields are like force lines {force lines} {lines of force}| radiating from center outward in all directions. Force lines per area equal electric field. Force lines have direction, from positive to negative, because test charges are positive. Force lines entering closed surfaces are negative. Force lines leaving closed surfaces are positive. For large charged objects, electric-field lines are perpendicular to surfaces, because force lines are symmetric around surface perpendiculars.
Physical Sciences>Physics>Electromagnetism>Force>Lines
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Date Modified: 2022.0224