Materials {conductor}|, such as metals, can allow electrons to move almost freely.
dipoles
Because electrons are free to move, no dipoles form. Conductor dielectric strength is zero, and dielectric constant is infinite, because charges can move freely. Rubbing metal with cloth cannot rub off charges, because electrons move freely and quickly in conductors.
spark
If charge touches conductors, electrons flow to neutralize charge, typically making sparks.
spread
Potential difference between conductor points is zero, because all electrons already repel each other equally. No electrons flow.
compression
Compressing metal increases conductivity, because crystals have fewer imperfections.
Materials can allow electrons to move almost freely {conduction, electricity}|. Semiconductors allow electrons to move with high resistance. Insulators do not conduct electricity. Circuit loads are either conductors or semiconductors.
Electric force causes average drift velocity per unit force {mobility, charge} {charge mobility, conductor}|.
Metallic bonds are electron deficient and leave electrons free {free electron}. Metal has electrons that can move among atoms around metal surface. Outside electric force can pull electrons completely away from atoms.
In conductors, moving electrons have average time between collisions {mean free time}| and have average distance, mean free path, between collisions. Collisions tend to reduce charge velocities.
In conductors, voltage V equals resistance R times current I {Ohm's law} {Ohm law}: V = R*I.
5-Physics-Electromagnetism-Conductivity
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Date Modified: 2022.0225