Carbon atoms {carbon}| can attach carbons to make sequences or rings.
non-metals
Carbon forms covalent bonds with non-metals. Carbon and chlorine make the volatile liquids carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. Carbon and fluorine make the liquid refrigerant Freon and the solid fluorocarbon Teflon. Carbon and oxygen make carbon monoxide gas and carbon dioxide gas. Carbon and nitrogen make cyanide ion with triple bond between nitrogen and carbon, nitrile compounds with triple bond between nitrogen and carbon, imine compounds with double bond between nitrogen and carbon, and amine compounds with single bond between nitrogen and carbon.
Carbon atoms {primary carbon} can attach to only one other carbon atom.
Carbon atoms {secondary carbon} can attach to two other carbon atoms.
Carbon atoms {tertiary carbon} can attach to three other carbon atoms.
Carbon atoms {carbanion} can gain unshared electron pairs and have only three bonds, to become electrophiles. Carbanions can be in organic bases.
Carbon atoms {carbocation} {carbonium ion} can lose electron pairs and have only three bonds, to become nucleophiles. Carbocations are more in polar solvents. Carbocations are more at tertiary carbons than at secondary or primary carbons.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225