After reaction, reactant and product amounts stay constant {equilibrium, reaction}|. At equilibrium, total-energy change is zero, free-energy change is zero, substance change is zero, all chemical potentials are equal, and all forces are equal. Product concentrations and reactant concentrations have equilibrium-constant ratio.
rates
At equilibrium, forward and backward reaction rates are equal. Product-formation rate equals reactant-formation rate. Amounts do not change, so reaction is complete.
factors
Equilibrium concentrations and amounts do not depend on catalyst or factors affecting reaction rate. Equilibrium concentrations depend only on energies and entropies.
factors: temperature
If reaction requires heat, temperature increase makes more product.
factors: pressure
If gas is reactant, pressure increase makes more product. If temperature increases, system acts to reduce pressure and so return to equilibrium.
factors: amount
Adding more reactants changes them to products, until equilibrium reestablishes. Adding more products turns them into reactants, until equilibrium reestablishes. Increasing reactant concentration, or removing product, increases product.
Physical Sciences>Chemistry>Inorganic>Chemical Reaction>Equation
5-Chemistry-Inorganic-Chemical Reaction-Equation
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0224