Carbon atoms can attach to carboxyl group and amino group {amino acid}|. The carbon atom also attaches to hydrogen atom and functional group {side chain, amino acid}. Cells can have 150 different amino acids.
asymmetry
Central carbon is asymmetric, because it has four different groups. It can rotate light clockwise (R) or counterclockwise (L).
groups
Amino acids have groups. Alkyl amino acids are glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Aromatic amino acids are phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Sulfur amino acids are cysteine, which is thiol, and methionine, which is thioether. Hydroxyl amino acids are the alcohols serine and threonine and the phenol tyrosine. Acidic amino acids have charge -1 in solution: aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Amide amino acids are asparagine and glutamine.
Lysine and arginine, which have amino group, are basic amino acids and have charge +1 in solution. Histidine is basic amino acid, is secondary amine, has aryl ring with two nitrogens, has charge +0.5 in solution, and has smaller charge in solution because it is weak base.
Imino acid is proline, which is secondary amine. Non-polar amino acids are alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and proline.
polymerization
Amino acids can polymerize to make protein. Twenty different amino acids are in protein. Proteins have only L-amino acids, not R-amino acids. Amino acids that are fewest in proteins are methionine, then histidine, and then tryptophan. Methionine is first amino acid in protein chain. Free amino acid to dipeptide ratio is 10:1.
absorption
Intestine absorbs 92% of amino acids.
types
Delta-aminolevulinic acid comes from glycine and succinyl-CoA. Epinephrine comes from tyrosine. Melanin comes from tyrosine. Phenylalanine makes tyrosine. Serotonin comes from tryptophan. Amino acids can make folic acid, S-adenosylmethionine, thyroxine, histamine, sphingosine, and NAD+. Amino acids can lose amino group to become carboxylic acids in TCA cycle. Carboxylic acids in TCA cycle can gain amino group to become amino acids. Amino acids can break down to ammonia and urea.
Physical Sciences>Chemistry>Biochemistry>Protein>Kinds
5-Chemistry-Biochemistry-Protein-Kinds
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Date Modified: 2022.0224