Ultraviolet, visible, or infrared absorption can determine chemical-bond concentrations {spectroscopy}|.
dipole
Molecules with permanent electric dipole moment have rotational spectra. Molecules with changing dipole moment have vibrational spectra, unless symmetry cancels dipole-moment change. Electronic transitions always cause vibrations through recoil.
Doppler effects
Spectral lines broaden by Doppler shifts. Shift is more if wavelength is bigger, because relativistic effects are greater. Shift is more if temperature is high, because molecular-speed range is wider. Shift is less if mass is more, because same-temperature velocities are lower.
Physical Sciences>Chemistry>Analytical Chemistry>Spectroscopy
5-Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry-Spectroscopy
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Date Modified: 2022.0224