Electromagnetism and radio waves can determine molecule electron configuration {electron spin resonance} (ESR). Unpaired electrons are in free radicals, transition-metal-complex d orbitals, and triplet-state molecules. Unpaired electrons can change spin state.
process
In molecules, net proton spin in nearby atomic nuclei causes magnetic field around electrons to differ. Applying magnetic field and shining microwaves resonates molecule unpaired electron spins, at specific frequencies. Frequency spectrum {hyperfine structure, frequency} can indicate molecular-orbital type.
intensity
Intensity increases as temperature increases, until numbers of ground-state and excited-state molecules are equal.
Physical Sciences>Chemistry>Analytical Chemistry>Resonance
5-Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry-Resonance
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Date Modified: 2022.0224