Perhaps, 10^-36 to 10^-34 seconds after universe origin, starting at temperature 10^28 K, space-expansion rate increased exponentially, and universe expanded 10^28 to 10^30 times in 1 second {inflationary cosmological model} {theory of inflation} {inflation, cosmology}| {inflation scenario} {cosmic inflation}. From initial singularity, universe can go to any state, so expansion or no-expansion probabilities are not determinable. Perhaps, inflation was only in the universe. Perhaps, inflation was in a region (multiverse) millions of times bigger than universe and so affected many universes.
before
At universe origin, universe had light-speed maximum-frequency radiation that made maximum temperature and pressure. Immediately after, universe had space expansion. Space expansion cooled universe evenly, except for quantum fluctuations (which correspond to observed cosmic-microwave-background-radiation density fluctuations) that averaged 1 part in 10000. Immediately, high gravitation, due to high mass-energy density, decreased space-expansion rate.
phase transition
Perhaps, as universe cooled, it did not change phase, but entered a "supercooled" state, prolonging the phase, so vacuum of space {false vacuum} had higher stored potential energy. That potential energy was gravitationally repulsive and exponentially increased space-expansion rate, causing exponential volume increase. Space expansion exceeded light speed.
end
After one second, high-expansion phase ended. Uncertainty-principle gravitation-and-electromagnetic-field quantum fluctuations made different space regions, of different sizes, stop inflation at slightly different times. Stopping inflation released false-vacuum energy, and uncertainty-principle quantum fluctuations made local regions have different matter and radiation densities, and perhaps different physical laws and constants. Inflation continued between stopped-inflation regions, spreading those regions far apart, so they became completely separate.
More likely, uncertainty-principle gravitation-and-electromagnetic-field quantum fluctuations made different space regions, of different sizes, increase or prolong inflation (chaotic inflation). In those inflating regions, local regions stopped inflation and made separate universes with different matter and radiation densities, and perhaps different physical laws and constants. Space inflation continued indefinitely in most space regions. Perhaps, some are still inflating.
Perhaps, space has hidden dimensions, so separate universes are at the same space point.
after
After one second, universe had matter and radiation, with density variations of 1 part in 10000.
effects
If universe had cosmic inflation, initial universe was small enough so that all points were within each other's cosmic horizon, so space was in thermal equilibrium, explaining why cosmic microwave background radiation is almost homogeneous. After inflation ended, temperature, density, magnetic-field, electric-field, and gravity differences were still 1 part in 10000. Temperature fluctuations have Gaussian distribution. Inflation affected all sizes, except the smallest, equally, so cosmic-microwave-background temperature fluctuations have same amplitude over different large-size space regions.
Inflation makes space curvature much flatter than otherwise.
Inflation caused gravity waves but few high-frequency gravity waves.
cause
Perhaps, antimatter has negative gravity and caused cosmological inflation.
If space dimensions are dynamic, high-dimensional spaces rapidly expand or contract.
zero total energy
Matter and radiation have positive mass and positive kinetic energy. Masses and charges in (infinite) fields have potential energy, which can scale from zero at object surface to infinite at infinite distance. At infinity, if total energy is zero, kinetic energy is zero, and potential energy is zero. At object surface, if total energy is zero, kinetic energy is positive, and potential energy is negative. By this convention, in infinite fields, total object energy is always zero.
In expanding universes, galaxies are moving apart while gravitation tries to pull them together. Space expansion gives galaxies positive kinetic energy, and gravitational attraction gives galaxies negative potential energy. Mass-energy density causes gravitation field strength, which is space curvature. In a flat universe, space curvature is zero, so total galaxy energy can be zero.
By relativity, gravity depends on sum of mass-energy density M and on internal pressure P: G ~ M + 3 * P. Hot gas has slightly more internal pressure than cold gas, and so has slightly more gravity. Photon gas has radiation (internal) pressure equal to one-third its energy density, doubling gravity: M + 3 * P = M + 3 * (M/3) = 2*M. Objects can have negative internal pressure. For example, compressed rubber membranes tend to repulse molecules, by negative internal restoring force, so internal potential energy is negative. Quantum vacuum has negative (repulsive) force that expands space, increasing negative potential energy (dark energy) by subtracting universe positive kinetic energy, and so cooling the universe. Quantum vacuum has negative internal pressure between one-third and one of mass-energy density, so repulsive antigravity is between zero and negative two times mass-energy density: M + 3 * -(M/3) = 0 and M + 3 * -M = -2*M.
Kinetic energy makes positive pressure, which can do work, reducing kinetic energy and pressure. Potential energy makes no pressure. Quantum vacuum has negative potential energy and so negative internal pressure, which causes repulsion and makes space expand. During expansion, negative internal pressure does negative work on quantum vacuum to expand space, and negative potential energy becomes negative kinetic energy, which is the same as subtracting positive kinetic energy. Space expansion increases total negative energy, by subtracting positive energy, because total energy is constant. Because space expansion causes negative-energy density, space expansion increases at same rate as negative energy addition, so quantum vacuum has constant negative-energy density. Starting at universe origin, space expands with constant negative energy density. During this process, total-energy quantum fluctuations cause a small fraction of positive kinetic energy to become matter and radiation.
Physical Sciences>Astronomy>Universe>Cosmology>Theories>Inflation
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Date Modified: 2022.0224