Perhaps, universe physical parameters require life {strong anthropic principle} {anthropic cosmological principle} [Barrow and Tipler, 1986], because universe properties must be such that humans can observe them. Perhaps, universe physical parameters allow life {weak anthropic principle}, because universe properties must be such that life exists.
Universe began with small volume, high energy, high mass-energy density, high temperature, high pressure, and high spatial curvature, and then rapidly expanded {Big Bang}, increasing spatial volume, decreasing mass-energy density, decreasing temperature, decreasing pressure, and decreasing spatial curvature.
All space points moved away from each other, so farther points moved away faster. From any space point (at any time), if a second point is at distance x and moves away from first point at velocity v, and a third point is at twice that distance 2*x, third point moves away from first point at velocity 2*v. If second point is between first and third points, first and third points move away from second point at same velocity v. Space has no central point or region. Big Bang was space expansion, not an explosion into existing space.
Universes that make more black holes propagate more universes similar to themselves and so come to dominate {cosmological natural selection}. (The universe reached its low-probability parameters by self-organization and other selection mechanisms.)
Perhaps, universe distribution came from one quantum path over infinite space. Perhaps, universe distribution came from decoherence making quantum mechanics approximate classical mechanics. Both scenarios result in same universe distribution {ergodicity}.
Issues that science cannot answer require outside agents to resolve them {God of the Gaps argument}.
Universe regions have information. Total is 10^60 bits. Universe regions have boundary surfaces, such as sphere around galaxy dark matter or event-horizon around black holes. For outside observers, all region information flows through boundary surface to observer, so boundary surface holds region information, though surface has lower dimension than region. If observer is far away, bounding-surface physics can represent region physics {holographic principle}. Perhaps, region physics projects onto boundary surface, and boundaries are like holograms {strong holographic principle}. Perhaps, region information projects onto boundary surface, and bounding surface has information channels {weak holographic principle}.
hologram
Just as surfaces can hold holograms, from which coherent light can make three-dimensional images, two-dimensional surface boundaries can contain all information needed to describe three-dimensional space regions. For example, superstring theory for anti-de-Sitter space-time five-dimensional regions is equivalent to conformal quantum-field theory of four-dimensional surface-boundary-point particles.
string theory
Hyperbolic-space regions have constant surface boundary. In string theory, boundary-surface gluon strings represent one quantum information bit and have thickness and strong-force color. String thickness represents space-point distance from boundary surface. Color represents information about space-point's quantum state. String number varies directly with space-region radius, so larger radius makes large boundary surface. Surface-string interactions represent gravitons.
Newtonian dynamics modifications {Modifications of Newtonian dynamics} (MOND) {Newtonian dynamics modification} do not require dark matter to provide extra gravity needed to form galaxies.
Perhaps, space {multiverse} has separate independent universes, with different phases. Perhaps, multiverse is still making and ending universes.
Level I multiverse
If space is infinite (or sufficiently large), and matter has even spatial distribution, universe objects and events repeat {Level I multiverse}.
Level II multiverse
Perhaps, if Level-I-multiverse universes are infinite in number, each universe has different dimension numbers and physical constants {Level II multiverse}. In string theory, quantum-field inflatons make space expand. For small quantum-field fluctuations, local bubbles form in universes. For example, if space starts with nine dimensions, only three expand, Alternatively, matter is in only three dimensions. Local bubbles become different universes, with different properties. Space inflation continues, making distances between bubbles expand faster than light, so universes are separate. Perhaps, vibrations between parallel three-dimensional universes along fourth dimension create and destroy universes. Perhaps, universes begin and end at black holes.
Level III multiverse
In quantum-mechanics many-worlds interpretation, all possible events occur (with different probabilities), making universe branches, which repeat {Level III multiverses}, and so do not become infinite in number. Observers see only one world by decoherence. All possible worlds are wavefunction-solution superpositions. Number of universes does not increase exponentially as time goes forward but stays constant, because they only repeat.
Level IV multiverse
Universes can vary in physical laws. Perhaps, all possible mathematical structures and universes exist {Level IV multiverse}.
Universe cycles between Big Bang and Big Crunch {oscillating theory}.
Perhaps, other universes {parallel universes} exist simultaneously with, or before or after, universe.
Universe probably is just one of many possible universes {plurality of worlds}. Because bosons have unique quantum-number sets, and space-time is relative, not absolute, many universes exist [Sklar, 1993]. Space-time quantum-mechanical and statistical fluctuations determine each universe's physical laws.
Universe is unchanging {steady-state theory}.
Gravity curves space-time, and space-time curvature accelerates mass. In one quantum-mechanical cosmology {Wheeler-DeWitt equations} {quantum-constraints equations}, universe wavefunction depends on gravity and space-time curvature [DeWitt, 1965].
Deriving general relativity from quantum-loop-theory supergravity makes universe wave equations have infinite numbers of exact solutions. Solutions are non-intersecting no-kink quantum loops or are intersecting symmetric quantum loops. Quantum-loop area represents energy, so quantum loops have quantum area, and minimum area is ground state. Using quantum-loop theory, solutions can be independent of space-time {diffeomorphism constraints}. With those constraints, quantum-loop intersection topology, knots, and kinks define space dimensions, so quantum loops determine space dimensions.
In non-expanding empty space, radiation from sources decreases proportional to distance-from-source squared. In expanding universes, expansion reduces net distances, so radiation from sources decreases less than distance-from-source squared. It is like space absorbs less radiation {Wheeler-Feynman absorption theory}.
Perhaps, 10^-36 to 10^-34 seconds after universe origin, starting at temperature 10^28 K, space-expansion rate increased exponentially, and universe expanded 10^28 to 10^30 times in 1 second {inflationary cosmological model} {theory of inflation} {inflation, cosmology}| {inflation scenario} {cosmic inflation}. From initial singularity, universe can go to any state, so expansion or no-expansion probabilities are not determinable. Perhaps, inflation was only in the universe. Perhaps, inflation was in a region (multiverse) millions of times bigger than universe and so affected many universes.
before
At universe origin, universe had light-speed maximum-frequency radiation that made maximum temperature and pressure. Immediately after, universe had space expansion. Space expansion cooled universe evenly, except for quantum fluctuations (which correspond to observed cosmic-microwave-background-radiation density fluctuations) that averaged 1 part in 10000. Immediately, high gravitation, due to high mass-energy density, decreased space-expansion rate.
phase transition
Perhaps, as universe cooled, it did not change phase, but entered a "supercooled" state, prolonging the phase, so vacuum of space {false vacuum} had higher stored potential energy. That potential energy was gravitationally repulsive and exponentially increased space-expansion rate, causing exponential volume increase. Space expansion exceeded light speed.
end
After one second, high-expansion phase ended. Uncertainty-principle gravitation-and-electromagnetic-field quantum fluctuations made different space regions, of different sizes, stop inflation at slightly different times. Stopping inflation released false-vacuum energy, and uncertainty-principle quantum fluctuations made local regions have different matter and radiation densities, and perhaps different physical laws and constants. Inflation continued between stopped-inflation regions, spreading those regions far apart, so they became completely separate.
More likely, uncertainty-principle gravitation-and-electromagnetic-field quantum fluctuations made different space regions, of different sizes, increase or prolong inflation (chaotic inflation). In those inflating regions, local regions stopped inflation and made separate universes with different matter and radiation densities, and perhaps different physical laws and constants. Space inflation continued indefinitely in most space regions. Perhaps, some are still inflating.
Perhaps, space has hidden dimensions, so separate universes are at the same space point.
after
After one second, universe had matter and radiation, with density variations of 1 part in 10000.
effects
If universe had cosmic inflation, initial universe was small enough so that all points were within each other's cosmic horizon, so space was in thermal equilibrium, explaining why cosmic microwave background radiation is almost homogeneous. After inflation ended, temperature, density, magnetic-field, electric-field, and gravity differences were still 1 part in 10000. Temperature fluctuations have Gaussian distribution. Inflation affected all sizes, except the smallest, equally, so cosmic-microwave-background temperature fluctuations have same amplitude over different large-size space regions.
Inflation makes space curvature much flatter than otherwise.
Inflation caused gravity waves but few high-frequency gravity waves.
cause
Perhaps, antimatter has negative gravity and caused cosmological inflation.
If space dimensions are dynamic, high-dimensional spaces rapidly expand or contract.
zero total energy
Matter and radiation have positive mass and positive kinetic energy. Masses and charges in (infinite) fields have potential energy, which can scale from zero at object surface to infinite at infinite distance. At infinity, if total energy is zero, kinetic energy is zero, and potential energy is zero. At object surface, if total energy is zero, kinetic energy is positive, and potential energy is negative. By this convention, in infinite fields, total object energy is always zero.
In expanding universes, galaxies are moving apart while gravitation tries to pull them together. Space expansion gives galaxies positive kinetic energy, and gravitational attraction gives galaxies negative potential energy. Mass-energy density causes gravitation field strength, which is space curvature. In a flat universe, space curvature is zero, so total galaxy energy can be zero.
By relativity, gravity depends on sum of mass-energy density M and on internal pressure P: G ~ M + 3 * P. Hot gas has slightly more internal pressure than cold gas, and so has slightly more gravity. Photon gas has radiation (internal) pressure equal to one-third its energy density, doubling gravity: M + 3 * P = M + 3 * (M/3) = 2*M. Objects can have negative internal pressure. For example, compressed rubber membranes tend to repulse molecules, by negative internal restoring force, so internal potential energy is negative. Quantum vacuum has negative (repulsive) force that expands space, increasing negative potential energy (dark energy) by subtracting universe positive kinetic energy, and so cooling the universe. Quantum vacuum has negative internal pressure between one-third and one of mass-energy density, so repulsive antigravity is between zero and negative two times mass-energy density: M + 3 * -(M/3) = 0 and M + 3 * -M = -2*M.
Kinetic energy makes positive pressure, which can do work, reducing kinetic energy and pressure. Potential energy makes no pressure. Quantum vacuum has negative potential energy and so negative internal pressure, which causes repulsion and makes space expand. During expansion, negative internal pressure does negative work on quantum vacuum to expand space, and negative potential energy becomes negative kinetic energy, which is the same as subtracting positive kinetic energy. Space expansion increases total negative energy, by subtracting positive energy, because total energy is constant. Because space expansion causes negative-energy density, space expansion increases at same rate as negative energy addition, so quantum vacuum has constant negative-energy density. Starting at universe origin, space expands with constant negative energy density. During this process, total-energy quantum fluctuations cause a small fraction of positive kinetic energy to become matter and radiation.
The Higgs field can reach higher-energy levels {inflaton field}. Perhaps, high potential energy from Higgs-field particles {inflaton} caused gravitational repulsion and accelerated universe expansion. Higher-energy levels are unstable. However, because initial universe is precisely homogeneous, universe does not change phase (supercooling) as it expands and cools, but prolongs inflation before changing phase. (If liquids have no nucleation sites as they cool, they supercool below temperature at which crystallization typically occurs, then they crystallize at lower temperature.) Perhaps, if supercooling delayed force decoupling, later decoupling released extra energy, which worked like antigravity and caused 10^100 times more space-vacuum negative pressure than before.
Perhaps, one inflaton falls, in one quantum jump, from supercool to zero energy, which acts as a seed for other inflatons to fall, so inflation-stopping spreads at light speed {bubble nucleation}. Perhaps, inflatons have different energies and fall through many quantum jumps. Some high-energy inflatons cannot fall back down, because other inflatons already fill lower energy levels. Inflation-stopping does not spread, prolonging inflation. Different space points have different periods of inflation (chaotic inflation).
String theories describe what cosmology was like before universe origin and what happened to begin universe. String theory allows more high-frequency gravity waves than inflation theory or ekpyrotic theory, so observing gravity waves can test string theories {pre-big-bang theory}. In fact, universe has few high-frequency gravity waves and some low-frequency gravity waves. Perhaps, universe has small-scale and large-scale strings. Perhaps, universe origins involve quantum-mechanical tunneling.
dilaton
Force strengths depend on string 11th-space-time-dimension length (dilaton). Short dilatons represent weak nuclear forces. Long dilatons represent strong nuclear forces. Dilaton lengths represent electromagnetism, and dilaton length variations change electromagnetic fields.
Before universe origin, dilatons are long, and forces are strong. At universe origin, dilatons are short, and forces are weak. Observing intergalactic magnetic-field changes is a test for dilatons and so can indicate universe-origin conditions.
axion
Magnetic-field photons can make dilaton-related strings (axion) that have less than one millionth electron mass, no charge, and zero average quantum field. Magnetic-field axions can make photons. Therefore, axions allow strong nuclear forces to maintain charge-parity (CP) symmetry between antiparticles and particles.
Cosmic-microwave-background temperature fluctuations are small, have Gaussian distribution, and have same amplitude for large space regions. Cosmic-microwave-background temperature fluctuations arise mostly from density differences and partly from gravity waves. However, string theories without axions allow no density differences. Axions determine large-scale universe temperature fluctuations [Adams, 2002].
Smaller strings have higher vibration frequencies and so higher masses. The smallest strings have highest mass and smallest size and so can be like black holes {string hole}.
Because many D-branes occupy high-dimensional space and D-branes attract each other, D-brane pairs collided, making universes' origins {ekpyrotic scenario} {conflagration scenario}. As D-branes mutually move closer, space contracts. If D-branes mutually move farther, space expands. Adjacent D-branes can repeatedly collide and separate, in contraction and expansion cycles.
Perhaps, before universe origin, time reversal and T-duality caused universe contraction, with matter accreting into string holes (pre-big-bang theory) {pre-big-bang scenario}. As space filled with string holes, universe was like string-hole gas. String-hole gas had smooth string-size distribution (unlike chaotic conditions at black-hole surfaces). Smooth size distribution allowed large string holes to form. Inside the largest string hole, matter reached maximum allowable density and temperature, causing an emission-singularity white-hole.
5-Astronomy-Universe-Cosmology
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225